From AGSSPS to RHIC and Onwards to the LHC

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From AGS-SPS to RHIC and Onwards to the LHC
Bevalac
SPS-LHC
AGS-RHIC
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Origins of Ultrarelativstic Heavy Ion Colisions
Workshop on BeV Collisions of Heavy Ions How
and Why Nov 29 - Dec 1 1974 Bear Mountain New York
Introduction and Summary The history of physics
teaches us that profound revolutions arise from a
gradual perception that certain observations can
be accommodated only by radical departures from
current thinking. The workshop addressed itself
to the intriguing question of the possible
existence of a nuclear world quite different from
the one we have learned to accept as familiar and
stable. Leon Lederman and Joseph Weneser
It would be interesting to explore new phenomena
by distributing high energy or high nuclear
density over a relatively large volume. T. D. Lee
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Lee Wick Matter
Is our vacuum stable?
Vacuum is not true ground state Tunneling
Could hadronic collisions make such a transition?
In this way one could temporarily restore broken
symmetries of the physical vacuum and possibly
create novel abnormal dense states of nuclear
matter T. D. Lee and G. C. Wick
Inflation of the universe from such transitions
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The Development of Ideas
The Concept of the Quark Gluon Plasma Properties
of the Quark Gluon Plasma The Space-Time Picture
of Heavy Ion Collisions Color Glass Condensate
and Glasma Theory and Experiment
Herodotus says, Very few things happen at the
right time, and the rest do not happen at all
The conscientious historian will correct these
defects. Mark Twain
A Story about People
Ideas and their Realization
Photos by Takeshi Kodama
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Early Work on the Phase Diagram of QCD
N. Itoh, Prog. Theor. Phys. 44, 291 (1970) P.
Carruthers, Coll. Phenom. 1, 147 (1973)
Arguments using asymptotic freedom by J. Collins
and M. Perry, Phys. Rev. Lett. , 34, 1353 (1975)
Phase diagram of Cabibbo and Parisi Phys. Lett.
59B, 67 (1975)
Higher order computations by Baym and Chin 1976
McLerran and Freedman 1977 Finite T and name
Quark Gluon Plasma by Shuryak 1978 Kapusta 1979
Phase diagram of Baym from 1983 NSAC Long Range
Plan
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Lattice Gauge Theory and Deconfinement
L is similar to a spin variable gt
Confinement-Deconfinement transition Polyakov
1978 Susskind 1979
Wuppertal, Bielefeld,BNL, MILC, Mumbai
First lattice computations at finite T Kuti,
Polonyi and Szlachanyi McLerran and Svetitsky
Beginning of Bielefeld lattice gauge theory
effort Engels, Gavai, Karsch, Montvay and Satz
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Large Number of Colors Analysis
Chiral Transition?
Unconfined Phase
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QGP Weak Coupling and Strong
Lattice QCD can compute with precision
Linde 1980 Perturbation theory at finite
temperature ends at
Karsch, Patkos, and Petreczky
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Space-Time Picture
Early work on energy densities Shuryak
1974 Ansiehtty et. al. 1980
Colliding Nuclei
Collision
Expanding Fireball
Landau Feynman Bjorken
Longitudinal flow
Bjorken Hydrodynamics
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Hydrodynamic Descriptions
Bjorken 1983 Baym, Friman, Blaizot, Soyeur and
Czyz 1983 Greiner, Stocker 1986 Ruuskanen et al
1986 ---- Teaney, Shuyrak 2000 U Heinz 2000
-- Kovtun, Son and Starinets 2004 --
Successfully Predicts Momentum space
distributions Collective effects Space time
evolution Various correlations
Strongly Interacting Quark Gluon Plasma
An evolving story of rich variety of forms of
high energy density matter
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Gribov, Levin and Ryskin 1984 Mueller
1994 McLerran and Venugopalan 1994 Iancu Kovchegov
New York-Tel Aviv-Paris-Helsinki-Frankfurt
High Energy Density Gluonic Matter
Thermalization?
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Discovery of Flow at the Bevalac
Plastic Ball and Streamer Chamber
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When is there an approximately baryon free
central region? 1984 analysis of pA by Busza
and Goldhaber indicated high energy
Major Accomplishments Beginning with the
AGS Baryon Stopping Flavor Composition of High
Density Matter
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SPS Program
Evidence Bose-Einstein Interferometry Flow Rho
melting Flavor Abundances J/Psi Melting
NA44, NA45/CERES, NA49, NA50, NA52/NEWMASS,
WA97/NA57, WA98, NA60
Flavor abundances consistent with decay of
QGP Bose-Einstein Interferometry consistent with
extended system Flow and transverse momentum
distributions not well described by hydro Rho
melting and J/Ps proved more complicated
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RHIC Program 1200 Physicists 50 Countries
2000 Publications
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Elliptic Flow (V2)
momentum space
dN/df 1 2 V2cos2 (f - y)
Initialspatialanisotropy
Strongpressuregradients
v2Azimuthal anisotropy
Sensitivity toearly expansion
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Jets Modified by the Medium
Away side suppression
4 lt pT(trig) lt 6 GeV/c
pT(assoc) gt 2 GeV/c
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Red AuAu ylt0.35 Magenta CuCu
ylt0.35 Blue AuAu 1.2ltylt2.2 Aqua CuCu
1.2ltylt2.2
Flow and transverse momentum distributions
consistent with ideal hydrodynamics Jet quenching
implies very opaque medium Scaling laws in flow
data consistent with naïve recombination
picture J/Psi and HBT data not simply
understood Heavy quark energy loss not understood
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Nuclear Physics A757 (2005)
See also proceedings of New Discoveries at RHIC,
RIKEN-BNL Center Workshop, Nucl. Phys. A750
(2005)
Future tools Stochastic beam cooling and
increased luminosity Detector improvements for dA
studies Low energy run and the phase diagram
Variable energy and beam A and Z
Physics Charmonium, charm and jet studies dA and
CGC Phase diagram at finite baryon density Event
by event P and CP violation
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An Emerging Story CGC and Glasma
Multiplicity vs Centrality High pT, small x and
centrality Long range correlations in
rapidity Single jets in dA Good phenomenology of
ep
Run just finished for d Au at RHIC
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The LHC
A prophet doesnt have to have any brains. They
are good to have, of course, but they are of no
use in professional work. It is the restfullest
vocation there is. Mark Twain
Its not what you dont know that gets you in
trouble, its what you think you know. Mark Twain
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First workshops organized by Liu in 1983, 1994
(with U. Heinz) Star. Alice involvement in
1999 workshop With X-N Wang
Early days in China Liu Lian Shou and Xin-Nian
Wang
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Star Collaboration initiated in 1999 during
visit of Tim Hallman and Xin-Nian Wang with Liu
Lian Shou Xen Wen-Qing was first spokesperson
Testing Equipment for STAR MRPC
Site for STAR MRPC Production
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Beginnings of Indian involvement in Quark Gluon
Plasma Physics
1983 First paper of Sinha on QGP Universal
Signals of the QGP
Abstract It is shown that the ratio of
production rates of photon to muon pairs and
pions to muon pairs from a QGP are independent of
the space time evolution of the plasma fireball
and thus are universal signals of the quark-gluon
plasma
In 1983, Rajiv Gavai publishes first paper on
lattice gauge theory with the Bielefeld group
Sinha-Srivastava Team
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India play major role in SPS, RHIC and LHC
Programs
WA98 PMD
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International Conference on Physics and
Astrophysics of Quark Gluon Plasma First held in
Mumbai at TIFR in 1988
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From the Bevelac to the LHC
AGS
SPS
RHIC
Heavy Ions at LHC
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What is it that confers the noblest delight?
What is it which swells a mans breast with pride
above that which any other experience can bring
to him? Discovery! To know that you are walking
where none others have walked that you are
beholding what no human eye has seen before that
you are breathing a virgin atmosphere. To give
birth to an idea -an intellectual nugget- right
under the dust of a field that many a brain plow
had gone over before. To be first--that is the
idea. To do something, say something, see
something, before anybody else--these are the
things that confer a pleasure compared with other
pleasures are tame and commonplace, other
ecstasies cheap and trivial. Lifetimes of
ecstasy crowded into a single moment. Mark
Twain, Innocents Abroad