Stomach

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Stomach intestines
sup. inf mesenteric veins
Hepatic portal vein
Liver sinusoids
Hepatic vein
Inferior vena cava
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Location of the Kidneys

• posterior abdominal wall
• retroperitoneal (intraperitoneal)
• T12-L3
• adrenal gland superomedial

Functions of Kidney

• filter blood plasma
• excretion of waste
• regulate blood volume pressure
• secrete renin blood pressure
• secrete erythropoietin RBC
• final step in vitamin D synthesis
• and more

3
Mesentery double layer of parietal peritoneum
that suspends digestive organs from abdominal
wall provides passageway for blood, nerves
lymph
Intraperitoneal Retroperitoneal
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• Intraperitoneal
• Retroperitoneal
• kidneys
• pancreas
• part of duodenum
• asc desc colon
• vessels, nerves
• lymph vessels

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Horseshoe kidney
Pelvic kidney
L1
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Renal artery vein Hilum
Renal capsule Renal fascia Adipose
capsule (perirenal fat)
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interlobular
arcuate
interlobar
segmental
Renal a v
Afferent a.
Efferent a.
Glomerulus
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Nephron Renal corpuscle renal tubule
Renal corpuscle glomerulus Bowmans
(glomerular) capsule
glomerular filtration
creating plasma-like filtrate of the blood
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillaries with podocytes (visceral)
Proximal convoluted tubule
Efferent arteriole
Simple, squamous epithelium (parietal)
Vascular pole
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Urinary pole
Filtration membrane
Endothelial cells w/BM

• Capsule space
• glomerular filtrate

Podocytes
Filtration slits
Hematuria blood Proteinuria protein
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• Juxtaglomerular apparatus
• macula densa
• JG cells
• mesangial cells

• JG cells
• smooth muscle
• constrict afferent art

• Macula densa
• epithelial cells
• monitor flow/comp
• of fluid in DCT
• comm with JG cells

DCT
Mesangial cells
Juxta next to Macula spot, patch
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Renal pelvis
ureter

• Kidney stones (renal calculus)
• calcium, phosphate, uric acid, protein
• form in renal pelvis
• excess calcium, dehydration, pH imbalance,
  cystitis

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Urinary bladder
Parietal peritoneum
Detrusor mm
Urethral openings in trigone

• Internal urethral sphincter
• smooth muscle

• External urethral sphincter
• skeletal muscle

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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Berry, SJ, Coffey, DS, Walsh, PC, et al. The
development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia
with age. J Urol 1984132474. accessed via
UpToDate 5.23.2008
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Micturition reflex
Learned control of micturition reflex
Info to CNS
You relax external sphincter ANS relaxes internal
sphincter
1. Sense stretch
2. Contract detrusor muscle relax external
urinary sphincter relax internal urinary
sphincter (ANS)