Homeostasis the nervous system

1
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two
parts Sensory (Afferent) Division transmits
internal and external sensory information to the
CNS for processing Motor (Efferent) Division
transmits information away from the CNS
2
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two
parts Sensory (Afferent) Division transmits
internal and external sensory information to the
CNS for processing Motor (Efferent) Division
transmits information away from the CNS
3
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two
parts Sensory (Afferent) Division transmits
internal and external sensory information to the
CNS for processing Motor (Efferent) Division
transmits information away from the CNS
4
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two
parts Sensory (Afferent) Division transmits
internal and external sensory information to the
CNS for processing Motor (Efferent) Division
transmits information away from the CNS
5
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Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two
parts Sensory (Afferent) Division transmits
internal and external sensory information to the
CNS for processing Motor (Efferent) Division
transmits information away from the CNS
7
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8
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two types of
neuron roles Sensory (Afferent) Division
transmits internal and external sensory
information to the CNS for processing Motor
(Efferent) Division transmits information away
from the CNS
9
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two types of
neuron roles Sensory (Afferent) Division
transmits internal and external sensory
information to the CNS for processing Motor
(Efferent) Division transmits information away
from the CNS
10
Homeostasis - the nervous system The second
system involved in homeostasis is the nervous
system The nervous system is comprised of two
sub-systems Central Nervous System (CNS)
comprising the brain and the spinal
cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) comprising
all nerves not in the CNS PNS has two types of
neuron roles Sensory (Afferent) Division
transmits internal and external sensory
information to the CNS for processing Motor
(Efferent) Division transmits information away
from the CNS
11
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The Sensory (Afferent) Division and the Motor
(Efferent) Division can be further divided into
sub-systems Sensory (Afferent) Division is
divided into Somatic sensory neurons and
Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons
carry messages from external environment to
CNS Visceral sensory neurons carry messages from
internal environment to CNS Motor (Efferent)
Division is divided into Somatic nervous system
and Autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous
system transmits messages from CNS to skeletal
muscle. As we can control these muscles it is
also called the voluntary nervous system
13
The Sensory (Afferent) Division and the Motor
(Efferent) Division can be further divided into
sub-systems Sensory (Afferent) Division is
divided into Somatic sensory neurons and
Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons
carry messages from external environment to
CNS Visceral sensory neurons carry messages from
internal environment to CNS Motor (Efferent)
Division is divided into Somatic nervous system
and Autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous
system transmits messages from CNS to skeletal
muscle. As we can control these muscles it is
also called the voluntary nervous system
14
The Sensory (Afferent) Division and the Motor
(Efferent) Division can be further divided into
sub-systems Sensory (Afferent) Division is
divided into Somatic sensory neurons and
Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons
carry messages from external environment to
CNS Visceral sensory neurons carry messages from
internal environment to CNS Motor (Efferent)
Division is divided into Somatic nervous system
and Autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous
system transmits messages from CNS to skeletal
muscle. As we can control these muscles it is
also called the voluntary nervous system
15
The Sensory (Afferent) Division and the Motor
(Efferent) Division can be further divided into
sub-systems Sensory (Afferent) Division is
divided into Somatic sensory neurons and
Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons
carry messages from external environment to
CNS Visceral sensory neurons carry messages from
internal environment to CNS Motor (Efferent)
Division is divided into Somatic nervous system
and Autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous
system transmits messages from CNS to skeletal
muscle. As we can control these muscles it is
also called the voluntary nervous system
16
The Sensory (Afferent) Division and the Motor
(Efferent) Division can be further divided into
sub-systems Sensory (Afferent) Division is
divided into Somatic sensory neurons and
Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons
carry messages from external environment to
CNS Visceral sensory neurons carry messages from
internal environment to CNS Motor (Efferent)
Division is divided into Somatic nervous system
and Autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous
system transmits messages from CNS to skeletal
muscle. As we can control these muscles it is
also called the voluntary nervous system
17
The Sensory (Afferent) Division and the Motor
(Efferent) Division can be further divided into
sub-systems Sensory (Afferent) Division is
divided into Somatic sensory neurons and
Visceral sensory neurons Somatic sensory neurons
carry messages from external environment to
CNS Visceral sensory neurons carry messages from
internal environment to CNS Motor (Efferent)
Division is divided into Somatic nervous system
and Autonomic nervous system The somatic nervous
system transmits messages from CNS to skeletal
muscle. As we can control these muscles it is
also called the voluntary nervous system
18
The autonomic nervous system transmits messages
from the CNS to smooth muscle, heart muscle,
glands etc As we cant control these muscles it
is also called the involuntary nervous
system The autonomic nervous system is again
divided into the Sympathetic nervous system and
Parasympathetic nervous system The sympathetic
system generally heightens activity of internal
systems and prepares the body for action The
parasympathetic system generally lowers the
activity of internal organs and returns the body
to a resting state
19
The autonomic nervous system transmits messages
from the CNS to smooth muscle, heart muscle,
glands etc As we cant control these muscles it
is also called the involuntary nervous
system The autonomic nervous system is again
divided into the Sympathetic nervous system and
Parasympathetic nervous system The sympathetic
system generally heightens activity of internal
systems and prepares the body for action The
parasympathetic system generally lowers the
activity of internal organs and returns the body
to a resting state
20
The autonomic nervous system transmits messages
from the CNS to smooth muscle, heart muscle,
glands etc As we cant control these muscles it
is also called the involuntary nervous
system The autonomic nervous system is again
divided into the Sympathetic nervous system and
Parasympathetic nervous system The sympathetic
system generally heightens activity of internal
systems and prepares the body for action The
parasympathetic system generally lowers the
activity of internal organs and returns the body
to a resting state
21
The autonomic nervous system transmits messages
from the CNS to smooth muscle, heart muscle,
glands etc As we cant control these muscles it
is also called the involuntary nervous
system The autonomic nervous system is again
divided into the Sympathetic nervous system and
Parasympathetic nervous system The sympathetic
system generally heightens activity of internal
systems and prepares the body for action The
parasympathetic system generally lowers the
activity of internal organs and returns the body
to a resting state
22
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23
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
24
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
25
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26
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
27
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
28
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
29
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
30
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across the Synaptic Gap
31
Neurons are highly specialised cells that receive
and carry information from receptors, and process
and direct responses to this information Neurons
vary greatly in shape and size, though a
generalised neuron is comprised of Dendrites-
these receive information from receptors or other
neurons Cell body regulation and coordination
of cellular metabolism Axon transmits
electrical impulses toward axon terminals Myelin
Sheath wrapping around axon. Made of Schwann
cells Axon terminals electrical impulses
converted to chemical messages for transmission
to other neurons A synapse is not a part of a
neuron it is the gap between an axon terminal
of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Chemical messages travel across this Synaptic Gap
32
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33
There are three basic types of neurons involved
in the nervous system Affector Neurons (aka
sensory neurons) these transmit information to
the CNS Effector Neurons (aka motor neurons)
these carry information away from the
CNS Connecting Neurons (aka interneurons)
These are typically located in the CNS and
connect affector and effector neurons
34
There are three basic types of neurons involved
in the nervous system Affector Neurons (aka
sensory neurons) these transmit information to
the CNS Effector Neurons (aka motor neurons)
these carry information away from the
CNS Connecting Neurons (aka interneurons)
These are typically located in the CNS and
connect affector and effector neurons
35
There are three basic types of neurons involved
in the nervous system Affector Neurons (aka
sensory neurons) these transmit information to
the CNS Effector Neurons (aka motor neurons)
these carry information away from the
CNS Connecting Neurons (aka interneurons)
These are typically located in the CNS and
connect affector and effector neurons
36
There are three basic types of neurons involved
in the nervous system Affector Neurons (aka
sensory neurons) these transmit information to
the CNS Effector Neurons (aka motor neurons)
these carry information away from the
CNS Connecting Neurons (aka interneurons)
These are typically located in the CNS and
connect affector and effector neurons
37
Transmission of signals along a neuron involve an
electrical impulse In response to a stimulus,
an electrical impulse travels from dendrite
along the axon to the axon terminals The axon is
insulated by the myelin sheath which enables the
impulse to travel rapidly. The impulse sent by
any one neuron does not vary, it is the number of
neurons stimulated and the duration of this
stimulus that affect the strength of the nerve
signal At the axon terminal the electrical
impulse stimulates the release of chemical
neurotransmitters which rapidly diffuse across
the synaptic gap. These bind to receptors on the
dendrites of the next neuron, stimulating an
electrical impulse in it.
38
Transmission of signals along a neuron involve an
electrical impulse In response to a stimulus,
an electrical impulse travels from dendrite
along the axon to the axon terminals The axon is
insulated by the myelin sheath which enables the
impulse to travel rapidly. The impulse sent by
any one neuron does not vary, it is the number of
neurons stimulated and the duration of this
stimulus that affect the strength of the nerve
signal At the axon terminal the electrical
impulse stimulates the release of chemical
neurotransmitters which rapidly diffuse across
the synaptic gap. These bind to receptors on the
dendrites of the next neuron, stimulating an
electrical impulse in it.
39
Transmission of signals along a neuron involve an
electrical impulse In response to a stimulus,
an electrical impulse travels from dendrite
along the axon to the axon terminals The axon is
insulated by the myelin sheath which enables the
impulse to travel rapidly. The impulse sent by
any one neuron does not vary, it is the number of
neurons stimulated and the duration of this
stimulus that affect the strength of the nerve
signal At the axon terminal the electrical
impulse stimulates the release of chemical
neurotransmitters which rapidly diffuse across
the synaptic gap. These bind to receptors on the
dendrites of the next neuron, stimulating an
electrical impulse in it.
40
Transmission of signals along a neuron involve an
electrical impulse In response to a stimulus,
an electrical impulse travels from dendrite
along the axon to the axon terminals The axon is
insulated by the myelin sheath which enables the
impulse to travel rapidly. The impulse sent by
any one neuron does not vary, it is the number of
neurons stimulated and the duration of this
stimulus that affect the strength of the nerve
signal At the axon terminal the electrical
impulse stimulates the release of chemical
neurotransmitters which rapidly diffuse across
the synaptic gap. These bind to receptors on the
dendrites of the next neuron, stimulating an
electrical impulse in it.
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42
Neurotransmitters are also called transmitter
substances These are produced at the ends of
axons and packaged in vesicles While the
junction between neurons is called a synapse, the
junctions between a neuron and a muscle is called
a nerve-muscle junction Some neurons send
signals via neuronhormones which are released
into the blood and act in a similar manner to a
hormone
43
Neurotransmitters are also called transmitter
substances These are produced at the ends of
axons and packaged in vesicles While the
junction between neurons is called a synapse, the
junctions between a neuron and a muscle is called
a nerve-muscle junction Some neurons send
signals via neuronhormones which are released
into the blood and act in a similar manner to a
hormone
44
Neurotransmitters are also called transmitter
substances These are produced at the ends of
axons and packaged in vesicles While the
junction between neurons is called a synapse, the
junctions between a neuron and a muscle is called
a nerve-muscle junction Some neurons send
signals via neuronhormones which are released
into the blood and act in a similar manner to a
hormone
45
Neurotransmitters are also called transmitter
substances These are produced at the ends of
axons and packaged in vesicles While the
junction between neurons is called a synapse, the
junctions between a neuron and a muscle is called
a nerve-muscle junction Some neurons send
signals via neuronhormones which are released
into the blood and act in a similar manner to a
hormone
46
Neurotransmitters are also called transmitter
substances These are produced at the ends of
axons and packaged in vesicles While the
junction between neurons is called a synapse, the
junctions between a neuron and a muscle is called
a nerve-muscle junction Some neurons send
signals via neuronhormones which are released
into the blood and act in a similar manner to a
hormone