Test 1

1
Test 1

• Class Questions
• Fall 2007

2
Initiation

• 1. In respect to implosives, which is more
  common, uvular or labial sounds?
• 2. Few languages contrast implosives with what?
• 3. Write two symbols used for clicks.
• 4. What is significant about the oral closure of
  clicks? Describe the steps involved in a click.
• 5. In what phonetic environment might one find
  implosives in American English?

3
Initiation

• 6. Describe how a phonated and nasalized
  background for clicks is possible.
• 7. Phonologically speaking, in what two ways can
  clicks contrast?
• 8. The three types of ejectives include
  Affricates, Fricatives, and _____________.
• 9. Name one language that uses clicks.
• 10. Of ejectives, implosives, and clicks, which
  form of initiation is found in 18 of all human
  languages?

4
Phonation

• (1) Draw a laryngeal waveform for each of the
  following sounds
• (a) modal (b) breathy (c) creaky
• (2) Describe the state of vocal folds of the
  following sounds.
• (a) B (b) ?
  (c) m
• (d) ? (e) ß (f ) ?
• (g) ? (h) b?
• (3) Transcribe the following sentence. Replace
  the voiceless obstruents with the ejective
  equivalents and replace the voiced plosives or
  nasals with implosives at the corresponding place
  of articulation.
• (a) Watch what youre doing.
• (b) Can I get a glass of milk?

5
Phonation

• In most accents of English, voiced obstruents are
  often fully voiced when they are in between two
  voiced sonorants. Elsewhere they usually lack
  glottal vibration during the stop closure.
  Transcribe the following sentence and add the
  devoicing diacritic where the glottal pulsing
  would most likely not occur.
• Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could,
  but the more he blew the more closely did the
  traveler fold up his coat.

6
Phonation

• (5) Pick up the wrong phonation type
  description(s) among the following editors
  note, be careful with this one
• (a) voiced slack or not spread
• (b) breathy stiff and constricted glottis
• (c) creaky constricted glottis
• (d) voiceless stiff or spread
• (6) Draw a simplified spectrogram of the
  following sounds and write a short paragraph to
  explain your answer. Notate the important
  landmarks on the spectrograms.
• (a) ph in aspirating language
• (b) b in aspirating language
• (c) p in voicing language
• (d) b in voicing language

7
Stops and Affricates

• 1. What do all stops have in common?
• 2. What is the relationship between slack and
  breathy voice?
• 3. What is the relationship between stiff voice
  and creaky voice?
• 4. What is the difference between voiceless
  sounds and aspirated sounds?

8
Stops and Affricates

• 5. In affricates, what are the categories of
  difference in the place of articulation?
• 6. How do you create an affricate?
• 7. Do English and German have longer or shorter
  VOT than French and Spanish?
• 8. What is the difference between a stop,
  affricate and fricative?
• 9. Answer Abercrombies questions for an
  aspirated and unaspirated affricate.

9
Fricatives

• 1. What are the 2 different types of fricatives
  and how do they differ? What is the difference on
  a waveform between the noise of a fricative and
  aspiration?
• 2. What makes a voiced fricative so rare?
• 3. What is the airstream mechanism used for
  fricatives and is it ingressive or egressive?
• 4. An ltsgt is a fricative, what is its active and
  passive articulators?

10
Fricatives

• 5. Why is it difficult for children and people
  with speech disorders to produce fricatives?
• 6. What produces the turbulent airflow?
• 7. What determines the degree of turbulence in a
  fricative? How is this reflected in the spectra
  of fricatives?
• 8. List and describe the 2 types of turbulence a
  fricative can have.
• 9. What makes fricatives similar to vowels?
  Approximants?
• 10. Why are sibilants more common than other
  fricatives?

11
Nasals

• 1. What is the primary articulatory and airflow
  differences between oral, nasal and nasalized
  sounds?
• 2. Name the POAs for the 7 nasals.
• 3. List the IPA symbols for the 3 nasals in
  American English.
• 4. What is considered the nasal formant?

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Nasals

• 5. What acoustic segment is associated with the
  nasal murmur? What spectral characteristics does
  the murmur have?
• 6. What are anti-formants and what do they have
  to do with nasals? What do they look like on a
  spectrogram or spectrum?
• 7. If nasals have lower frequencies, what would
  you expect the formants to look like?

13
Acoustics

• 1. The three waveforms below represent the
  English words new, vicinity, and city.
  Match each word with its waveform.

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Acoustics

• 2. For the highlighted portions of waveforms A
  and B, decide which is a fricative and which is a
  stop. Then, determine the manner of articulation
  for C.

15
Acoustics

• 3. Indicate the first 3 formants in the spectrum
  below.

16
Acoustics

• 4. What is different about the b sounds in the
  beginning of these two waveforms/spectrograms?
  (Hint they come from different languages)

17
Acoustics

• 5. In the waveforms/spectrograms in question 4,
  indicate areas where aperiodic noise and modal
  voicing occur.
• 6. Draw spectra for the consonants s, ?, and
  x, showing where the noise peaks would occur
  relative to one another.
• 7. Fill in the blanks.
• A waveforms amplitude corresponds to the
  sounds _________ its _________ corresponds to
  the sounds pitch.

18
Methodologies

• 1. What technology requires that the participant
  stand in a large barrel? What does that
  technology measure?
• 2. What is the articulatorily significant
  difference between the ultrasound and the
  Optitrak?
• 3. Which major device did the UW develop and is
  housed in the Waisman Center? What view of sounds
  does it not measure?
• 4. By inserting a lever into the nasal cavity of
  the subject, what does the velotrace monitor?

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Methodologies

• 5. What alternative, entertainment purpose does
  the optitrak aid?
• 6. By providing a simple visualization of
  tongue-palate contact, which technology aids in
  misarticulation therapy?
• 7. Of the following technologies, which do/does
  not monitor articulation?
• a. endoscopy
• b. stroboscopy
• c. MRI
• d. transillumination

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Other things

• Articulation gt Acoustic relation
• Landmarks on waveforms, spectrograms, spectra
• Abercrombies questions
• The IPA chart
• The speech chain
• State of phonation (3x3) chart
• Draw Sammy and any gesture (with labels)