Introduction to the EWB Guidelines for Water Resources Assessment and Development

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Introduction to the EWB Guidelines for Water
Resources Assessment and Development
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Read the guidelines
www.ewb-usa.org Go to resources gt guidelines

• Design Tools
• Reference Materials
• Assessment Implementation Tips

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Why do we have guidelines?

• improved water supplies must meet consumer and
  community demand. Community water systems, even
  very well-engineered systems, must not be imposed
  by an outside team.

--Water Resources Guidelines
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Why do we have guidelines?

• Blindly applying technology to the communities
  we encounter can hurt the people we are trying to
  help.

--Me
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Why do we have guidelines?

• It would be very depressing to see your
  beautiful project covered in dust and thrown into
  a tree in 6 months.

--Me
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• The major considerations for water projects can
  be broken down into three major components

• Quantity
• Quality
• Access

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• The major considerations for water projects can
  be broken down into four major components

• Quantity
• Quality
• Access
• Usage/Destination

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Framework for Community Water Supply Development

• Request for improved services
• Conduct a preliminary assessment with
  participation by the community
• Analyze the data
• Develop several designs if requested by the
  community that will meet the needs
• Hold discussion with the community to review and
  allow them to select the design
• Obtain a formal written agreement

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Demand

• Stimulating water demand
• Demand for a safer water supply may need to be
  stimulated before users can value it above a more
  risky water supply.
• Community perception of safe water demand may be
  poorly informed or biased by poor performance of
  a past or nearby water systems
• Meeting Demand
• Water service level and price
• Gender of water users
• Relationship of water use to economic production
  requiring water (dual supplies)

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Achieving a Sustainable System

• Functions properly over a long period of time
• Delivers the required quantity and quality with
  easy access that is reliable and provides health
  and economic benefits to users
• Community manages the system and is sensitive to
  gender issues
• Operation, maintenance, replacement, and
  administrative costs are covered at the local
  level through user fees or other continuous
  financial means
• System design organically propagates to other
  communities

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Water Assessment- Quantity

• Selecting a source
• Meeting the demand
• Seasonal variations
• Where is the community going?
• Who controls the water?

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How much water?

• Demand is a key technical design factor
• Minimum allowance of water 7 liters per day
  (short term)
• 15-20 liters per day for the general population
• Demand can vary by distance to water source
• Defining water demand by the population to be
  served
• How people using the water value the improved
  water service?
• Community users making key decisions.
• Provide for services to vulnerable groups or
  individuals

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Consider the source
Disadvantages
Advantages

• Surface Water

• Easy to access

• Always requires treatment
• Never where you need it
• Inconsistent

Groundwater

• Not always available
• Sometimes requires treatment
• Can be very difficult to access
• Can inspire poor resource management

• If available, generally most stable supply
• Often the cleanest option
• Can be located at point of use

Rain Water

• Requires rain
• Requires a clean surface
• Requires storage
• Sometimes requires treatment

• Uses something that would otherwise go unused
• Can provide a clean supply
• Can be located at point of use
• Free water pressure

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Water Assessment- Quality

• Required for all water projects
• Testing
• Kits
• What parameters to test?
• How many samples?
• Monitoring
• Follow up surveys
• Measure project effectiveness

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Water Assessment- Access

• Delivery
• Distribution
• Usage
• Completing the loop
• Conflicts of interest

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Water Distribution

• Pipe Materials
• Valves
• Storage
• Design Parameters Considerations
• Distribution options
• Hydraulic Design
• Pipeline Installation

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Consider the destination

• Drinking
• Cooking
• Bathing
• Clothes washing
• Livestock
• Crop Watering

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Water Treatment

• Point of Use vs. Community Scale
• What is appropriate technology?
• Novelty vs. sustainability
• Cost per gallon
• Design Considerations
• Potential Pitfalls
• Avoid the magic box

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Water Treatment Technologies

• Filtration
• Chlorination
• UV
• Ozone
• Distillation
• Reverse Osmosis

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Access to safe water is a fundamental human need
and, therefore, a basic human right. Contaminated
water jeopardizes both the physical and social
health of all people. It is an affront to human
dignity. Yet even today, clean water is a luxury
that remains out of the reach of many. Worldwide,
more than a billion people have no access to
improved water sources, while nearly two and a
half billion live without basic sanitation. These
people rank among the poorest in the world -- as
well as the least healthy. In fact, the absence
of a safe water supply contributes to an
estimated 80 per cent of disease and death in the
developing world.
-- UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan
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Thank you