Theology

1
Theology Psychology

• Appetites and Passions
• PAIN SORROW

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Appetite

• Inclination in desiring something

• Concupscible
• Seeks what is good to senses
• Flees what is evil
• Irascible
• Resists hindrance
• Obstacles to fight or flight

Good
Evil
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Passions

• Concupiscible
• Love Hate
• Desire Aversion
• Delight Sorrow

• Irascible
• Hope Despair
• Fear Daring (Audacity)
• Anger

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Passions are Blind
Image
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Types of love

• Affection
• Erotica
• Friendship
• Will for the good of the beloved
• Agape

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Theology Psychology

• Pain Sorrow

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Pain and Sorrow in itself

• Pain is a passion
• Sorrow is pain
• Sorrow is contrary to pleasure
• All sorrow is not contrary to all pleasure

• No sorrow contrary to contemplation
• Desire for pleasure more eager
• Interior sorrow greater

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4 Species of sorrow

• Pity
• anothers evil
• Envy
• anothers good

• Anxiety
• weighs on mind
• escape seems impossible
• Torpor
• mind is so weighed down that even the limbs
  become motionless

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Causes

• Present evil
• Desire for unity
• An irresistible power

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Present Evil

• Sorrow is a movement of the appetite as a result
  of an apprehension
• Even a privation has the aspect of a being
• Evil is the privation of good
• Privation is the lack of the contrary habit

• Natural movements
• Approach -directed to something suitable to
  nature
• Withdrawal -directed to something contrary to
  nature
• Sorrow is a kind of flight or withdrawal
• Pleasure is a kind of pursuit or approach

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Desire for unity

• Love is the first principle of the appetitive
  movement
• The first inclination of the appetite towards the
  possession of good
• Hatred is the second principal
• The first inclination of the appetite towards the
  avoidance of evil
• Concupiscence or desire is the first effect of
  love which gives rise to the greatest of pleasure
  
• Whatever hinders a movement from reaching its end
  is contrary to the movement of the appetite
• Desire is a cause of sorrow in so far as we
  sorrow for the delay of a desired good or for its
  complete removal

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Irresistible power

• A present evil is a cause of sorrow
• What causes a present evil should be reckoned as
  causing pain and sorrow
• It is contrary to the inclination of the appetite
  to be united with a present evil
• Whatever is contrary to a thing's inclination
  does not happen to it save by the action of
  something stronger
• If a stronger power goes so far as to transform
  the contrary inclination into its own inclination
  there will be no longer repugnance or violence
• Without inclination there is no pain or sorrow
• Sorrow is caused by the will resisting a stronger
  power -to yield by consent results not in sorrow
  but in pleasure

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Goodness malice of sorrow

• Not all sorrow is evil
• Can be a useful, virtuous good
• Bodily pain is not greatest evil
• not to reckon evil as evil or not to reject it

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Not all sorrow is evil

• Shame-on account of a shameful deed done
• A sign of goodness if a man is in sorrow or pain
  on the count of a present evil
• If not in pain and sorrow he feels it not or does
  not reckon it as something unbecoming, both are
  manifest evils
• It is also a good thing that he sorrows for the
  good he has lost for had not some good remained
  in his nature, he could not be punished by the
  loss of good.

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Can be a virtuous good

• Sorrow is a good in as much as it denotes
  perception and rejection of evil.
• Proof of the goodness of nature
• Nature shuns the harmful thing that causes pain
• Interior sorrow
• Perception of the evil is sometimes due to a
  right judgment or reasonRejection of the evil is
  the act of the will
• Every virtuous good results from these two things
• The rectitude of the reason The will

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Sorrow can be useful good

• The effect of avoiding or expelling the saddening
  evil
• Sorrow can be of use because it is something to
  avoid
• In itself as contrary to good e.g. sin
• An occasion of evil
• Sorrow for that which ought to be avoided is
  always useful since it adds another motive for
  avoiding it

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Bodily pain is not greatest evil

• All sorrow or pain is either for something that
  is truly evil or something that is apparently
  evil but good in reality
• Pain or sorrow for that which is truly evil
  cannot be the great evil for there is something
  worse
• Not to reckon as evil that which is really evil
• Or not to reject it

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Effects of pain sorrow

• Blindness
• Depression
• Debility
• Bodily injury

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Blindness

• Hinders the power to learn
• Love of learning will increase retention

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Depression

• Hindered in own movement hinders the will from
  what it wishes to enjoy
• If evil is not strong enough to deprive one of
  the hope of avoiding it, the will retains the
  movement whereby to repulse that evil
• If the strength of the evil excludes the hope of
  evasion
• The interior movement of the afflicted soul is
  absolutely hindered so that it cannot turn aside
  either this way or that. Sometimes even the
  external movement of the body is paralyzed so
  that a man becomes completely stupefied.

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Debility

• Sorrow weakens all activity
• Pleasure perfects action . . . sorrow hinders
  it. Aris. Ethic, s.4

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Bodily injury

• Of all soul's passions, sorrow is the most
  harmful to the body
• Sorrow is repugnant to man's life in respect of
  the species of its movement and not merely in
  respect of its measure or quantity

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Remedies of pain

• All pleasure
• Tears, groans
• Sympathy/compassion of friends
• Contemplation of the Truth
• Sleep baths

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All pleasure

• Pleasure is a kind of repose of the appetite in a
  suitable good
• Sorrow arises from something unsuited to the
  appetite
• Implies ailing or weariness of the appetite
• All repose of the body brings relief to any kind
  of weariness from non-natural causes

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Tears, groans

• A hurtful thing hurts more if shut in
• Let out, souls intention is dispersed
• An action that befits a man according to his
  actual disposition is always pleasant to him
• Tears are befitting one in pain and thus pleasant
  to him
• Every pleasure assuages pain and sorrow

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Sympathy-compassion of friends

• Sorrow has a depressing effect
• Weight of burden
• Seeing others saddened by ones sorrow seems as
  if others are bearing the burden with him
• They seem to be striving to lessen the weight
  thus the burden is lighter
• When a man friends console with him he sees that
  he is loved by them
• This is more important than 1 and gives pleasure

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Contemplation of the Truth

• The greatest of all pleasures rests in the
  contemplation of the Truth, the more so, the more
  one is a lover of wisdom
• In midst of tribulation men rejoice in the
  contemplation of divine things
• Count all joy, when you shall fall into diverse
  temptation. James 1.2
• Joy amidst bodily tortures
• Tiburtius (Martyr) said while walking on burning
  coals "Methinks I walk on roses, in the name of
  Jesus Christ

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Sleep and Baths

• Sorrow is repugnant to the vital movement of the
  body
• Whatever restores bodily nature is opposed to
  sorrow and assuages it. It brings back the normal
  state and thus causes pleasure

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Causes of pleasure

• Work
• Movement
• Hope memory
• Love
• Sadness
• Wonder/novelty

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Causes of Pleasure

• Work
• Movement

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Hope and memory

• Pleasure is caused by a suitable good
• Presence of good in mind
• Potential of the good
• Conjunction of apprehension

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Love

• Union
• Action of others
• Action for others
• Similarity

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Sadness

• Brings to mind that which is loved
• Absence of which causes sadness
• Recollection of sadness causes pleasure
• Absence of the evil is a good
• Deliverance from what caused sorrow is a joy

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Wonder/Novelty