Abnormal Psychology

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• Abnormal Psychology

WEB
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Anxiety as a Normal and an Abnormal Response

• Some amount of anxiety is normal and is
  associated with optimal levels of functioning.
• Only when anxiety begins to interfere with social
  or occupational functioning is it considered
  abnormal.

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The Bell Curve
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Phobic Disorders

• Phobias
• Specific phobias
• Social phobia
• Agoraphobia

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Specific Phobias
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Social Phobia

• General characteristics
• Fear of being in social situations in
  which one will be
  embarrassed or humiliated

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Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia

• Panic disorder
• Panic versus anxiety
• Agoraphobia
• Agoraphobia without panic

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Panic and the Brain
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Panic Disorder The Cognitive Theory of Panic
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Treating Anxiety Disorders

• Medications
• Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• General characteristics
• Prevalence and age of onset
• Comorbidity with other disorders

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Generalized Anxiety DisorderBiological Causal
Factors

• Genetic factors
• A functional deficiency of GABA
• Neurobiological differences between anxiety and
  panic

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Obsessions- repetitive unwanted ideas that the
  person recognizes are irrational
• Compulsions- repetitive, often ritualized
  behavior whose behavior serves to diminish
  anxiety caused by obsessions

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Critical Component
• Symptoms occurs AFTER a traumatic stressor

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Symptoms Categories

• Intrusive
• distressing recollections
• dreams
• flashbacks
• psychological trigger reactions
• physiological trigger reactions

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Symptoms Categories

• Avoidance
• avoid thoughts, feelings or discussions
• avoid activities, places
• memory blocks
• anhedonia (without pleasure)
• numb
• alexithymia (emotions unknown)
• feeling of doom

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Symptom Categories

• Hyperarousal Symptoms
• sleep disturbance
• anger problems
• concentration
• startle response
• on guard hypervigilence

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Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar I and Bipolar II
• Cyclothymia
• Hypomania
• Dysthymia
• Schizoaffective disorder

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Categories of Personality Disorders

• Cluster A
• Paranoid
• Schizoid
• Schizotypal

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Personality Disorders

• Paranoid personality disorder
• Schizoid personality disorder
• Schizotypal personality disorder
• Histrionic personality disorder

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Categories of Personality Disorders

• Cluster B
• Histrionic
• Narcissistic
• Antisocial
• Borderline

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Categories of Personality Disorders

• Cluster C
• Avoidant
• Dependent
• Obsessive-compulsive

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The Clinical Picture in Schizophrenia

• Positive symptoms
• Delusions fixed firm beliefs with no basis in
  reality
• Most common are grandiose, persecutory and
  referential
• Hallucinations disturbances in perception
• Can occur in any of the five senses
• Most common are auditory and visual

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The Clinical Picture in Schizophrenia

• Formal Thought Disorder (a positive symptom)
• Disturbances in speech that reflect underlying
  problems in cognition or thinking
• Most common forms are tangentiality and
  circumstantiality
• Less common are neologisms, word salad and clang
  associations

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The Clinical Picture in Schizophrenia

• Negative symptoms (Nancy Andreasen)
• Avolition
• Anhedonia
• Alogia
• Flat Affect
• Asociality

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The Classic Subtypes of Schizophrenia

• Undifferentiated type
• Catatonic type
• Disorganized type
• Paranoid type

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Graph of HS drug use
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Substance-Related Disorders Methods of taking
substances
? 7 sec inhaling
? 20 sec IV
? 4 min snort or Intramuscular injection
? 30 min oral
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When is addiction addiction?

• What is substance use?
• What is substance abuse?
• What is substance dependence?
• Where is the line???????

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DSM-IV Criteria

• Substance Abuse
• leads to impairment or distress
• one of these within 1 yr
• failure to full fill role obligations
• physically hazardous
• legal problems
• persistent social problems

• Substance Dependence
• leads to impairment or distress
• 3 of the following
• tolerance
• withdrawal
• delirium tremens (DTs)
• take more than intended
• persistent desire
• fail to control use
• lots of time spent obtaining, using, or
  recovering from
• use in place of activities
• continuing despite physical or psychological
  problems

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Solomons Opponent Process Theory of Addiction

• Basic Premise- People take, abuse and become
  dependent on drugs because of the effect of these
  drugs
• The Clements Corollary- noone ever becomes
  addicted to thorazine
• A State- the initial pleasant effect
• B State-unpleasant effects occurring as a result
  of drug withdrawal

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The Clinical Picture of Alcohol Abuse and
Dependence

• Alcohols effects on the brain
• Physical effects of chronic alcohol use
• Psychosocial effects of abuse and dependence

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Alcohol (ETOH)

• Short-term effects
• absorbed from the stomach into the blood
• metabolized by the liver (1 oz/hr)
• it is a drug
• acts within brain to
• stimulate GABA receptors
• reduces tension
• ? dopamine/serotonin levels
• pleasurable aspects of intoxication
• inhibits glutamate receptors
• diminishes cognitive abilities

• Long-term effects
• reduced food intake
• ETOH no nutrient value
• impairs food digestion
• results in vitamin deficiency
• B-complex
• can lead to brain damage/amnesia
• kills brain cells
• leads to loss of gray matter from the temporal
  lobes
• Korsakoffs Syndrome
• suppresses the immune system

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Alcohol (ETOH)

• A drink
• 1 oz. Spirits 1 glass wine 1 beer
• DWI (Driving while intoxicated)
• takes approximately 2-4 drinks over one hour
• lighter weight, empty stomach will require less
• legal blood alcohol limit (.10)
• DUI (Driving under the influence)
• The CAGE

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Alcohol Addiction Treatment

• Admitting the problem
• a prerequisite for therapy (video clip)
• Inpatient Hospital treatment
• expensive does not lead to better results
• may be necessary for safe detoxification
• Aversion therapy
• Antabuse - drug that creates nausea
• uses operant conditioning principles
• Controlled drinking training
• Self-Help groups
• Alcoholics Anonymous