Animal Support

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Animal Support Skeletal Systems I. Selective
Forces A. Balance between stiffness and
strength -- stiffness resistance to bending --
strength load that can be borne before
breaking B. Weight must be
lightweight C. Resist forces of compression
and tension
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid water coelomic fluid
hydrostatic skeleton B. Connective
tissue -- protein fibers in extracellular
matrix -- provides support for all body
tissues -- collagen most common protein
support fiber great tensile strength
provides flexibility and resistance to
stretching this fiber alone meets many of
the requirements for a support system
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid B. Connective
tissue C. Cartilage -- semi-rigid
connective tissue (protein-sugar gel interlaced
with meshwork of collagen fibers) --
produced by chondrocytes -- found in all
animals most developed in vertebrates
chondrocytes
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid B. Connective
tissue C. Cartilage D. Bone
subphylum Vertebrata 1. structure --
collagen fibers (resist tension) embedded in
matrix of CaPO4 (hydroxyapatite)
(resists compression) -- bones for
locomotion long tubes lightweight provide
stiffness strength
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid B. Connective
tissue C. Cartilage D. Bone
subphylum Vertebrata 1. structure 2.
formation a. cells involved
osteocytes -- osteoblasts secrete bone --
osteoclasts reabsorb bone
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid B. Connective
tissue C. Cartilage D. Bone
subphylum Vertebrata 1. structure 2.
formation a. cells involved b.
types of bone -- endochondral bone develops
from cartilage
cartilage
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid B. Connective
tissue C. Cartilage D. Bone
subphylum Vertebrata 1. structure 2.
formation a. cells involved b.
types of bone -- endochondral bone develops
from cartilage -- intramembranous bone
develops from sheets of bone cells
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials A. Fluid B. Connective
tissue C. Cartilage D. Bone
subphylum Vertebrata 1. structure 2.
formation a. cells involved b.
types of bone c. hormonal regulation --
parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates bone
formation -- calcitonin inhibits bone
formation
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials E. Chitin most developed in
Phylum Arthropoda -- chitin fibers
embedded in matrix of hardened protein
(sclerotized proteins) --
lightweight very strong

Exocuticle
Endocuticle

Fig. 29-1 p. 646)
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems II. Skeletal
Materials E. Chitin -- chitin
fibers in endocuticle laid down in layers, each
with different orientation
resists tension compression -- proteins
of matrix can be hardened (sclerotized) for
stiffness, esp. in exocuticle

Exocuticle
Endocuticle

Fig. 29-1 p. 646)
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• Animal Support Skeletal Systems
• Skeletal Materials
• Types of Skeletal Systems
• A. Hydrostatic skeleton
• -- muscles push against fluid in gut or coelom
• -- generates hydraulic movement
• -- very common can occur with other skeletal
  types
• -- inexpensive and efficient

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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 1.
Phylum Cnidaria a. polyp
(Fig. 13-3 p. 263)
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 1.
Phylum Cnidaria b. medusa
bell
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 2.
Phylum Nematoda muscles push against fluid in
pesudocoelom cuticle is non-elastic
cuticle
longitudinal muscles
pseudocoelom
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 2.
Phylum Nematoda
Fluid
longitudinal muscles contract region of
body shortens
longitudinal muscles relax region of
body elongates
Fluid
Fluid
Fluid
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 3.
Phylum Annelida schizocoelom divided into
compartments by septa
gut
setae
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 4.
Phylum Mollusca a. hemolymph and sinuses
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 4.
Phylum Mollusca b. Jet propulsion in
Cephalopods
fin
siphon
collar
mantle (body tube)
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siphon
collar
mantle
fin
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 5.
Phylum Echinodermata a. water vascular
system
(Fig. 22-5 p. 475)
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Water Vascular System
(Fig. 22-6 p. 476)
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems A. Hydrostatic skeleton 5.
Phylum Echinodermata b. tube feet (tube
foot ampulla podium)
enterocoelom
ampulla
podium
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems B. Exoskeleton 1.
Protozoa Subphylum Sarcodina protection and
support
Radiolarians SiO2
Foraminiferans CaCO4
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems B. Exoskeleton 2. Phylum
Cnidaria movement by hydrostatic skeleton
exoskeleton for protection and
support -- Class Hydrozoa
perisarc
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Exoskeletons Cnidaria Hydrozoa
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Exoskeletons Cnidaria -- Class Anthozoa
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems B. Exoskeleton 3. Phylum
Mollusca for protection
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Exoskeletons Mollusca
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems B. Exoskeleton 4. Phylum
Arthropoda chitinous exoskeleton used for
locomotion a. structure of cuticle


Exocuticle
Endocuticle

Fig. 29-1 p. 646)
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems B. Exoskeleton 4. Phylum
Arthropoda b. use of cuticle to generate
movement flight in insects 1) structure of
thorax and wing hinge
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Insect Thorax and Wing Hinge
(Fig. 21-2 p. 444)
head
thorax
abdomen
(Fig. 21-6 p. 445)
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Animal Skeletal Systems III. Types of Skeletal
Systems B. Exoskeleton 4. Phylum
Arthropoda b. use of cuticle to generate
movement flight in insects 1) structure of
thorax and wing hinge 2) indirect flight
muscles -- do not attach directly to
wing -- raise and lower wings
indirectly by changing shape
of thorax -- main power for
flight in bees, wasps,
butterflies, beetles, flies
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Indirect Flight Muscles of Insects
Dorso-ventral Muscles (raise wings)
Wing Hinge
Dorso-longitudinal Muscles (lower wings)
(Fig. 21-11 p. 447)

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Dorsoventral muscles contracted
wings rise
Dorsolongitudinal muscles contracted
wings lower
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Animal Skeletal Systems III. Types of Skeletal
Systems B. Exoskeleton 4. Phylum
Arthropoda b. use of cuticle to
generate movement flight in insects 1)
structure of thorax and wing hinge 2)
indirect flight muscles main power for
flight 3) direct flight muscles -- attach
directly to wing hinge and wing
base -- fine tuned adjustments
during flight -- used for
steering -- primary flight muscles in
dragonflies grasshoppers

Dorso-longitudinal muscle
Direct flight muscles
Dorso-ventral muscle
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figure 8 pattern of wing movement
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hovering
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems C. Endoskeleton 1. Phylum
Porifera -- endoskeleton of spicules and/or
spongin -- used for support
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems C. Endoskeleton 2. Phylum
Echinodermata -- endoskeleton of ossicles
-- used for support
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems C. Endoskeleton 2. Phylum
Echinodermata -- endoskeleton of ossicles
-- used for support
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems C. Endoskeleton 3. Phylum
Chordata only phylum that uses endoskeleton for
locomotion a. notochord
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Animal Support Skeletal Systems III. Types of
Skeletal Systems C. Endoskeleton 3. Phylum
Chordata a. notochord b.
vertebrate skeleton 1) axial
skeleton 2) appendicular
skeleton 3) tendons ligaments
(Fig. 29-9 p. 653)
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Nuchal ligament