1. Obtaining and digesting of food

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TOPICS
1. Obtaining and digesting of food
(Digestive system) 2. Gas exchange breathing
system (Respiratory system) 3. Internal
transport (Circulatory system) 4. Immune
system 5. The control of internal environment 6.
Chemical control (Endocrine system) 7.
Nervous system and the sense 8. Animal locomotion
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7. NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE SENSE
-??????????? (neuron or nerve cell)
???????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
(transducer) ?????????????? ??????? ????????
?????????????????????? (stimulus)
?????????????????? (electrical signal)
??????????? nerve impulse ???? action potential
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?????????????????????????????? (Synapse)
-????????????????????? 4 ???????? ??? dendrite,
cell body, axon ??? synaptic terminal
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Dendrite
-dendrite ????????/??????????????????????????
???????????????? cell body (?????????????????
?????) -?????????????? ????????
???????????????????? ????????????????????????????
?????? ?????????????? cell body -??
polyribosome (or Nissl body) ???????????????
dendrite ????????? -??????????????????????????????
??axon ???????? ?????????????????????????
threshold ??????? -?????????????????????
dendrite ??????????? ????????? cell body
5
Cell body
-Cell body ???? soma ???????????? dendrite
???????????? ???????? axon (??????????????
maintenance site) -?????????? nucleusorganelle
???? ? ????????????????? -ganglion
(ganglia)???????????????????????nerve cell
body ???????? PNS ??????? dorsal root ganglion
(or sensory ganglion) -Nucleus
(nuclei)???????????????????????nerve cell body
?????? (CNS)???????????????????????
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Axon
-axon ???????????????? action potential ???
cell body??????????/neuron ???? (??
?????????????????????) ?????????????????????
??????????? cell body ?????????? axon ending
??????? axon ending cell body -axon
???????????? cell body ???????????? ????????
axon hillox -axon hillox ???????????????????????
dendrite ????????????? action potential (???
???????????????????????? threshold ?????????
action potential) -Nerve ?????? axons
????????????????
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Synaptic terminal
-synaptic terminal (axon ending)???????????axon
????????????????? neurotransmitter -synapse???
?????? synaptic terminal ????????????????????????(
neuron/effector) -??????????????????????
presynaptic cell -??????????????????
postsynaptic cell (???? receptor???neurotransmitte
r??? presynaptic cell)
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????????????????????????????? axon ??? dendrite
Axon Dendrite
1.????????/????????????????? 1.????????/??????????????????
2.smooth surface 2.rough surface (dendritic spine)
3.?? 1 axon/cell 3.????????????????? 1 dendrite/cell
4.????? ribosome 4.?? ribosome
5.?? myelin 5.????? myelin
6.??????????????????????????????? cell body 6.?????????????????????????? cell body
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Supporting cell or glial cells or glia
-Glia??????????????????????????
????????????????????????? 10-50 ???? ?????
????????????????????????? -Astrocyteglia
cell??CNS????tight junction????capillary
????????? Blood-brain barrier -Oligodendrocyte(??C
NS)???Schwann cell (??PNS) glial cell
???????myelin sheath
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Blood-brain barrier
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Neuron ???????? 3 ???? ??????????????
1. Receptor (sensory) neuron ????????????
???????????????????????????????? (???? receptor
neuron) ???? olfactory nerve cells
???????????????? receptor cell (????
photoreceptor cell) ?????????? (???? sensory
neuron) ????????????????????????????????
????????? electrical signal ????????interneuron
???? motor neuron ?????? 2.Interneuron
???????????? receptor neuron, sensory neuron
???? interneuron ???? ???????????? ?????
????????????????? motor neuron 3.Effector
(motor) neuron ????????????? ??????????
interneuron ????? effector cells
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????????????????????? ?????????????? 3 ????
1.???????????????????? (sensory input) ???
sensory receptor 2.?????????????????????
(integration center) CNS 3.???????????????????
(motor output) ????? effector cells
PNS
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Reflex arc
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
integration center or interneuron
effector
motor neuron
??????????? interneuron??? ???????????????????
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Membrane potential
-membrane potential ??????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ?????-???????? (Na
K Cl- ?????????) ????????? -50 ??? -100 mV
(?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????) -?????????????????? microelectrode
??????voltmeter ????oscilloscope ???????
micromanipulator ??? -membrane potential
?????????????????????????????????????????
resting potential
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-Chemically-gated ion channels
????????????????-?????????????????????????????????
? ???? neurotransmitter ??? gated ion channel
??????????? ion ??????????????????????? -Voltage-g
ated ion channels ????????????????-??????????????
????? membrane potential
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Hyperpolarization ??? depolarization
Hyperpolarization ???????????????????????????????
???? ???? ????????????? K channel, K
??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
???????????????????? (-70mV -90mV)
Depolarization ????????????????????????????????
???? ????????????? Na channel, Na
???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
????????????????(-70mV -50mV)
Graded potential ???????????????????????? (hyper
depolarization) ?????????????????????
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Action potential
-action potential ?????????????? membrane
potential ????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
???????????? depolarization ??????????
threshold potential -??????? axon ????????
?????????? all-or-none ???????? 5 ??????????
1.Resting state 2.Threshold 3.Depolarization
4.Repolarization 5.Undershoot
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??????? 1 Resting State
-???? voltage-gated Na ??? K channel ???
???????????????????????? membranes resting
potential
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??????? 2 Threshold
-????????????????? ????? Na channel ???????????
???????????? Na ???????????????????????????
threshold potential ????????? Na gate
??????????? ????????????????? action potential
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??????? 3 Depolarization
-activation gate ??? Na channel ???? ??? K
channel???????????? ???????????????????????
Na???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? (??????????????)
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??????? 4 Repolarization
-inactivation gate ???
Na channel ??? ???
K channel ???? ?????
Na???????????????????????
???????????????? ???????? K????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? resting membrane potential
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??????? 5 Undershoot
repolarization???undershoot refractory period
-gate ????????????? Na ??? ??? K channel
??????????? (relatively slow gate)
???????????????????????????????????? resting
membrane potential ??????????????????????????????
????(Na-K pump)?????????????????????????????????
???????
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Propagation of action potential
1.?????????? action potential (???????????? 1)
N ???????????????????????? ???? Na
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??(?????????? 2) ?????????????????????????????????
?????depolarization ??? action potential
??????????? 2.?????? ?????????? 2 ???? action
potential ???????????? 1 ?????? repolarization
(refractory period) ????????????????????? action
potential ??????????????????? 3.???????????
action potential ???????????????????????? 3
????????????? 2 ?????? refractory period ???
?????????? 1 ?????????????? resting stage
????? -????????????? action potential ?? axon
?????????????????????????(?????? cell body)
????????
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Saltatory conduction
-???????????????????????action potential ?????
axon ?????????????????????? ??? axon
??????????????????????????? -???????? myelinated
axon ????????????????????? action potential
????????????????
-?? myelinated axon ??????? action potential
????????????? node of Ranvier ????? ????????
node ????? ????????????????????? Na ??? K
????-?????????????????? ??????????? node of
Ranvier ???????? ?????????????? saltatory
conduction
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Electrical synapse
-?????? presynatic membrane ??? postsynaptic
membrane ???????????????? gap junction ???????
ion current ???action potential
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????
Postsynaptic membrane
Presynaptic membrane
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Chemical synapse
1.action potential ??? synaptic terminal
????????? Ca influx 2.synaptic vesicle
???????????????? 3.?????neurotransmitter ???
synaptic cleft ???????????????????????????
postsynatic membrane 4.??????????? ion channel
(???? Na) ????, Na ?????????????????? ????
depolarization
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The organization of neurons into systems
The simple circuits nerve nets
-?????????????????????????????????? ??????????
cnidarians ????? nerve net -?????????
???????????? ??????????? ??????? nerve ring
?????? ??? radial nerve ???????????????? nerve
net ??????????????????????????????
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Complex circuits
-????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? (ganglion)
???????????? ????? cephalization
-?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????? 2 ??????????????????????????? ?????
transverse nerve -??????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
ventral nerve cord -??????????????????????????????
? ????? glangion ???????????????????????
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-?????????????????????? ???? dorsal hollow nerve
cord ???????? ventral nerve cord ????????
segmental ganglia
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????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? 1.?????????????????? (Central
nervous system CNS) ????????????????
????????????????????????????? 2.????????????????
(Peripheral nervous system PNS)
??????????????(cranial nerve) ???????????????????(
spinal nerve) ??????????? (ganglia)
???????????????????????????-??? CNS
??????????????????????????????????????????????
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Peripheral Nervous System
-???????????????????????? cranial nerve 12 ???
spinal nerve 31 ??? -cranial nerve ????????
spinal nerve ??????? ?????????? sensory motor
neuron ?????? olfactory optic nerve ?????????
sensory nerve
-sensory division ?????????? sensory neuron
??????????? sensory receptor ????? CNS
-motor division ?????????? motor neuron
??????????? CNS ????? effector cells
-SNS ????????????? skeletal muscle
??????????????? external stimuli -ANS
????????????? smooth cardiac muscle
??????????????? external stimuli
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????????????????????? ?????????????? 3 ????
1.???????????????????? (sensory input) ???
sensory receptor 2.?????????????????????
(integration center) CNS 3.???????????????????
(motor output) ????? effector cells
PNS
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic ??? sympathetic ??????????
?????????? (antagonist) -sym ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? parasym ???????????????? -sympathetic
neuron ?????????? norepinephrine -parasympatheti
c neuron ?????????? acetylcholine
postganglionic ganglion
preganglionic ganglion, Ach
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Embryonic Development of the Brain
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??????????????????
36
??????????????????????????????????????????
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The Limbic System
The limbic system generates the feeling emotion
and memory
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Sense Organs (???????????????)
-Sensation ????????????? action potential ????
sensory neuron ????????? -Perception
????????????????? sensation ?????????????
???? sensory receptor ???????????????????????? 2
????? ??? 1.Exteroreceptor ??????????????????????
????? ???? ????????, ???, ???????,
??????? 2.Interoreceptor ????????????????????????
?? ???? blood pressure, body position
???? sensory receptor ????????????????????????? 5
???? ??? 1.Mechanoreceptor ?????????????????
???? ??????, ?????????, ?????????????,
????? 2.Chemoreceptor ??????????????????? ????
??????, O2, CO2, ????????? -Gustatory (taste)
receptor ??? Olfactory (smell) receptor 3.Electrom
egnetic receptor (Photoreceptor)
???????????????????????????????? ???? ???
(visible light), ??????????, ???????????? 4.Thermo
receptor ???????????????????? ????????????,
???????? 5.Pain receptor (nociceptors) ????????
???? excess heat, pressure ?????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
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???????(Skin) ???????????
Meissners corpuscle
Krouses end bulb
-?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????? mechanoreceptor ???????
permeability ??? Na ??? K ?????????
???????????? depolarization -mechanoreceptor ????
modified dendrite ??? sensory neuron
Ruffinis corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
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????(Tongue) ????????
-?????????????????????(taste bud)?????? 10,000
??? ???????????????????? (papilla) -????? taste
bud ???? taste (gustatory) receptor cell ????????
modified epithelial cell ????
???????? ??????????????? 1.???????????????????????
??????taste receptor 2.??????????????????
signal-transduction pathway 3.K
channel ??? Nachannel ???? 4.Na
???????????????? ???? depolarization
5.???????????? Ca ????????????
6.receptor cell ?????
neurotransmitter

???????????? sensory
neuron ?????
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??(Eye) ??????????
-Eye cup ??????????????????????? ?????????????????
?????? ???????????? ????????????????? -???????????
?????????????????? eye cup ??????????? -??????????
???????????????????? sensation ??? eye cup ???? 2
?????????????????????????????
-??????????????? compound eye -?? compound eye
??????????? ommatidia (light detector)
?????????? -????? ommatidium ??????????????
?????????????????????????????????? 330
?????/??????
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Single lens eyes ????
white outer layer of connective tissue
thin, pigmented layer
contain photoreceptor cell
give the eye its color
clear, watery
liquid lens
transparent protein
jelly-like
the information of photoreceptor leaves the eye,
the optic nerve attached to the eyes
Photoreceptor cells Rod cell and Cone cell
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???????????????????????
a.?????????????????(accommodation) ciliary
muscle ????? suspensory ligament ?????
??????????????????????
b.???????????????? ciliary muscle ???????
suspensory ligament ??? ???????????????????
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Photoreceptors of the retina
-photoreceptors ?? 2 ???? 1.Rod cells ?? ??????
125 ????????? -????? ???????????????????? 2.Con
e cells ???????? 6 ????????? -????????
????????????????? ???????? red cone, green cone,
blue cone -fovea ?????????????????? cone cells
????? rod cell
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From light reception to receptor potential
-Rhodopsin (retinal opsin) ?????????????????????
? (visual pigment) ??? rods -????????????
rhodopsin ??????? signal-transduction pathway.
1.?????????????????????????? retinal
???????????? opsin 2.active opsin ??????? G
protein transducin 3.transducin
???????phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4.cGMP??? hydrolze
???? GMP ?????????? Na channel 5.Na channel
??? ?????????????? hyperpolarization ????????
neurotransmitter ????
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The Vertebrate Retina
????????????????????????? 1.???????????????????
rodscones ???? action potential 2.rodscones
synapse ??? bipolar cells 3.bipolar cells synapse
??? ganglion cells 4.ganglion cells ??? visual
sensation (action potential)????????? 5.??????
????????????????? rodscones, bipolar cells,
ganglion cells ?????????????
one-to-one 6.horizontalamacrine cells ?????????
integrate signal
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Neural Pathways for Vision
-?????????????? sensory information ???
??????????????????????? (left visual field,
blue) -??????????????? sensory information ???
?????????????????????? (right visual field,
red) -optic nerve ????????????????????????????
optic chiasma -optic nerve ????????? lateral
geniculate nuclei ??? thalamus -??? sensation
????? primary visual cortex ?? occipital lobe
??? cerebrum
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??(Ear) ?????????????????????
temperal bone
(equilibrium)
(hearing)
???????????? hair cell ????????? action potential
(endolymph fluid)
perilymph fluid
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????????????????????????????????????? hair cell
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?????????????????????? cochlea
-???????(volume)????????????????
amplitude -??????????(pitch)????????????????
frequency -??????????????????????????? 20-20,000
Hz, ????? lt40,000 Hz
-basilar fiber ?????????????? ? ??? basilar
membrane ??????????????????, ??????????? ???
basilar membrane ??????????????????????
??????????????, ??? sensation ????? cerebral
cortex ??????????????
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?????????
-utricle, saccule ??? semicircular canals
?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????
??????? ????? hair cell ?????????? -utriclesaccul
e???????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????? -semicircular canals
????????????????????????? 3 ????? ?????????
?????????????????????????????? ampulla -??ampulla?
? gelatinous cap ????? cupula ????? hair cell ????
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??????????????
-????????????????????????????????????????? ???????
? (??????? saccule, utricle, semicircular
canals) -?????????? ear drum ?????????????????????
? -?????????????(?????)???????????????????????????
??????????????? -????? lateral line system
?????? low-frequency wave ????????????????????????
??? ???????????????????????????????, ??????
????????? -?? neuromast (receptor unit)
?????????????? ampulla ?? semicircular canal
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????(Nose) ???????????
-olfactory receptor cell ???? neuron
????????????????? -?????????????????????????????
cilia ??? mucus -??????????????? receptor
???????????????? cilia -???? signal-transduction
pathway, depolarization, action potential ???????