Chordates

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Chordates

• Have a notochord at some stage in life.
• Have a dorsal tubular nerve cord ( spinal cord)
• Have pharyngeal gill slits at some stage in life
• Ventral Heart closed circulatory systems

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Chordate subphyla

• Urochordata- Tunicate sea squirt(Amocetes larvae)
  
• Cephalochordata- Amphioxus or lancelet
• hemichordata - acorn worm
• Vertebrata- animals with at least some vertebrae
  of bone or cartilage 8 classes

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AGNATHA

• JAWLESS PARASITE
• NOTOCHORD IS PRIMARY SUPPORT
• UNPAIRED FINS
• POILKIOTHERMIC- UNABLE TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT BODY
  TEMPERATURE
• OPEN GILLS
• 2 CHAMBERED HEART
• ANADROMOUS-RETURN TO FRESH WATER TO SPAWN

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Agnatha cont.

• LATERAL LINE-senses vibrations in water

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Open Gill Slits Pineal organ
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Pineal Organ

• Senses light direct migration and mating
  behavior according to seasonal changes in light

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Notochord Gill
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Notochord

• Dorsal rod-like support

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Curved Horny Teeth
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Round Circular Mouth
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CHONDRICHTHYES
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• OVOVIVIPAROUS-BEAR LIVE YOUNG THAT ARE NOURISHED
  FROM YOLK
• SHARKS, RAYS, AND SKATES
• 2 CH. HEART, Poilkiothermic
• SPIRACLE, OPEN GILLS,

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• CARTILAGE SKELETON
• RECTAL GLAND- REMOVES SALT
• OIL CONTENT HIGH FOR BUOYANCY
• PLACOID SCALE-TOOTH LIKE

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Spiracle Gill Slits
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Spiracle

• Takes in water
• Gills are open
• Flap of skin folds back over but does not close
  as in body fish

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Rectal Gland Removes Salt
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Gill Raker and Lamellae
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• Raker -removes food and dirt
• Lamellae- rremoves oxygen from water and carbon
  dioxide from bloodgas is exchanged

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OSTEICHTHYES

• OPERCULUM-GILL COVER
• BONY SKELETON
• SWIM BLADDER-buoyancy
• FLAT CTENOID OR CYCLOID SCALES
• MOST ARE OVIPAROUS-LAY EGGS

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Ostiechthyes cont

• 2 CHAMBERED HEART
• LATERAL LINE-senses vibrations in water
• POILKIOTHERMIC

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To Gills
Oxygenated and Deoxygenated is mixed
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Heart chambers

• Atria- collects and pushes blood into ventricle
• Ventricle- pumps blood to body or lungs

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AMPHIBIA

• SMOOTH MOIST SKIN, POISON GLANDS PIGMENT CELLS
• TETRAPODS ( MOSTLY) LACK CLAWS
• TYMPANUM VOCAL SACS
• LUNGS, GILLS, CUTANEOUS (SKIN ) BREATHING
• 3 CHAMBERED HEART
• POIKIOTHERMIC

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Tympanum

• External ear drum
• Vocalize during courtship and for establishing a
  territory

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REPTILIA

• Thick, dry keratinized scales with claws, four
  limbs
• Poilkiotherms( ectotherms)
• Amniote eggs- water built inside or ovoviviparous
  or oviparous
• Lungs
• Jacobsons organ-smell or taste
• Infared Pit- heat sensation

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Nictitating Membrane

• Second eyelid transparent

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Four chambers with incomplete septum
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AVES

• Feathers, beak, scales, keeled sternum, hollow
  bones, synsacrum, fused phalanges- wings, highest
  metabolism, crop, gizzard, and cloaca.
• Amniote Eggs
• Four heart chambers
• Homeotherm- constant body temp.
• Lungs with air sacs

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Mammalia

• Homeothermic
• 4 Complete Heart Chambers
• Hair covers body
• Mammary Glands
• Mostly Viviparous- mostly placental

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Adaptations for survival in Terrestrial
Environments Skeleton RespiratoryGills and
cutaneous breathing to Lungs Circulatory
Separation of Heart chambers Sensory- lens,
tympanum,touch receptors, Water Conservation-
Amniote Egg has its own water and
protection Marsupial and Placental Development
protection, Nourishment, and water.
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Brain Regions

• Anterior to Posterior
• Olfactory-smell
• Cerebrum-thinking, learning
• Optic- vision
• Cerebellum-coordination and balance
• Medulla-breathing and heart beat regulation

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Integument- thick keratinized scale, feathers and
skinPrevent evaporation
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Kidneys- kidneys become better able to conserve
water by increasing their abilities to reabsorb
water and eliminate increasing concentrated or
altered nitrogen waste