Video file here

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Video file here
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Photographs of the brains of Leborgne. Lateral
view The external lesion is clearly visible in
the inferior frontal lobe. The softening in the
area superior and posterior to the lesion
suggests further cortical and subcortical
involvement.
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Fig. 1 Three-dimensional MRI reconstruction of
the lateral left hemisphere of a normal in vivo
brain. The location now considered Broca's area
includes the pars opercularis (Brodmann's area
44, anterior to the precentral sulcus) and the
pars triangularis (Brodmann's area 45, between
the ascending and horizontal limbs of the sylvian
fissure) in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus.
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Rows 14 Samples of the first neuroradiological
images of Leborgne's brain (197879) with
diagrams. These CT images were the first
radiographic scans obtained on this historic
brain and, though not of high resolution, gave an
indication of the medial extension of the lesion.
The CT slices are compared with Dejerine's
diagrams in the three planes. Row 5 MRI sagittal
slices (1999) discriminating the cortex and grey
and white matter with higher resolution and
demonstrating the use of MR imaging in preserved
specimens.
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5

• Topography of the infarct found in Brocas case
  Leborgne
• (drawing traced from Moutier)
• Brocas Region (2006), Grodzinsky Amunts (eds),
  Ch. 27. Mohr

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High-resolution MRI of the preserved brain of
Leborgne. -The first row lateral and superior
surfaces of the brain, with lines indicating the
slices shown below. Row A axial slices, Row
C coronal slices, Row S sagittal slices
through the left and intact right hemisphere for
comparison with each other. The following
structures are delineated interhemispheric/longit
udinal fissure (orange), central sulcus/Rolandic
fissure (dark blue), sylvian/lateral fissure
(aqua), inferior frontal sulcus (red), superior
frontal sulcus (yellow), frontomarginal sulcus
(pink), superior temporal sulcus (light green)
and inferior temporal sulcus (brown).
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Localizationist logic

• Is area X is damaged and
• Language function Y is impaired, but
• Language function Z is not,
• Then X is responsible for Y, or
• Y is localized to X, or
• Y is crucial for performing X, so

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Broca concluded

• Foot of third inferior frontal convolution is
  responsible for articulating speech
• Later turn out be involved as well in
• - COMPREHENDING syntax
• - silent reading.

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Wernicke
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Wernickes aphasia

• 1874
• 2 patients
• Very poor comprehension
• Fluent, but meaningless, production
• Dissociation?

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Video file here
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• Aphasic arrest of speech is obtained from
  stimulation of the pars opercularis (marked in
  yellow) - Summary of electrical stimulation
  studies
• Brocas Region (2006), Grodzinsky Amunts (eds),
  Ch. 3. Petrides

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Localizationist logic

• Wernickes area responsible for
• comprehending speech

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Brocas aphasia

• Non-fluent
• Expressive
• Anterior

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Wernickes aphasia

• Fluent
• Receptive
• Posterior

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Aphasia symptoms
From Language and the Brain, Ch.4. Obler and
Gjerlow (1999)
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Wernicke predicted

• Conduction aphasia
• -fine production
• -fine comprehension
• -problems with repeating speech

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The Anatomical Structure of the Language System
of the Left Hemisphere. (Beatty, Jackson (2001).
The Human Brain Essentials of Behavioral
Neuroscience. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications,
Inc., pp. 375).
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Arcuate fasciculus
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Aphasia symptoms
From Language and the Brain, Ch.4. Obler and
Gjerlow (1999)
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Video file here
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Aphasia symptoms
From Language and the Brain, Ch.4. Obler and
Gjerlow (1999)
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Aphasia symptoms
From Language and the Brain, Ch.4. Obler and
Gjerlow (1999)
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Aphasia symptoms
From Language and the Brain, Ch.4. Obler and
Gjerlow (1999)
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Prefrontal cortex
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BRAIN AND LANGUAGE

• Prof. J. Glozman
• Psychology Department,
• Moscow State University
• ltGLOZMAN_at_MAIL.RUgt

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Janna Glozman
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(No Transcript)
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Alexander Romanovich LuriaJuly 16, 1902 August
14, 1977
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Vygotsky-Luria approach
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MAIN APPROACHES TO THE RELATION OF LANGUAGE AND
BRAIN

• Direct (narrow) localization centers for
  different abilities
• Anti-localization brain as whole and mass
  action
• Theory of system dynamic localization.

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EACH COGNITIVE PROCESS IS PROVIDED BY A COMBINED
ACTIVITY OF MANY BRAIN AREAS, UNDER THE
CONDITIONS THAT EACH AREA INTRODUCES ITS OWN
SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE INTEGRATING
PROCESSES
. Luria A.R. (1979) The Making of Mind, p.132
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An analysis of theoretical and methodological
works by Luria (particularly his last works)
proves, that he could not imagine another
psychology than social-historical looking for the
origins of the human conscience not inside the
brain, nor in the mechanisms of the nervous
processes but in the human social life - the real
base for conscious activity(V.V. Davydov, 1998
p. 14-15)
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FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF VERBAL ACTIVITY
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Bilingualism and the Brain

• Aphasia
• Imaging
• Epidemiology
• (Psycholinguistic Studies)

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What happens in bilingual aphasia?

• (Freud, On Aphasia, 1891)
• Pitres, 1895
• Minkowski, 1927, 1963
• Charlton, 1964
• Gloning and Gloning, 1965
• Paradis, 1977
• Albert and Obler, 1978
• Fabbro, 2001

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Freud, On Aphasia, 1891

• First-learned language, of course, returns first

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Pitres, 1895, 7 cases

• 4 Mother tongue French
• Age 25, Italian and Spanish for business travel
• Age 53, right hemiplegia
• French and Spanish, some anomia
• Italian, lost for comprehension and production