Symbols and their relations: morphology

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Lecture 5

• Symbols and their relations morphology

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Words, word-formation and morphology

• Chapter 7, 8

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What is word?
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Problems in determining Chinese words
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The make-up of words
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morpheme
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morphology
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Free and bound morphemes
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Derivation vs. inflection
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Morphological description
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Morphs and allomorphs
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Word-formation
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English word-formation processes
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Chinese word-formation
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Swahili nitakupenda

• ni ta ku penda
• I will you love
• When you hear a familiar language you can clearly
  distinguish how many elements there are in the
  utterance. For an unfamiliar language, it is
  another case. How many words does the above
  sentence contain?
• It seems as if this Swahili word is rather
  different from what we think of as an English
  word.

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Grammatical elements/units
Text grammar
discourse
sentence
syntax
clause
phrase
word
morphology
morpheme
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Word and morpheme

• morpheme the smallest unit of sound and meaning
• Word is made up of morphemes.
• carelessness

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Grammar
morphology
syntax

• Morphology
• Syntax
• For some languages which are rich in inflections,
  morphology takes up most of a thick book of
  grammar. Such as Latin, German.

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What is morphology?

• Morphology the study of how words are formed out
  of smaller units (morphemes)
• What are the various component parts of a word
  like antidisestablishmentarianism?
• What kinds of principles determine the way in
  which the parts are combined together to form the
  whole?

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What is syntax?

• Syntax concerned with the ways in which words
  are combined together to form phrases and
  sentences
• Why is it OK to say Who did you see Mary with?
  But not OK to say Who did you see Mary and?
• What kinds of principles determine the way in
  which we can and cannot combine words together to
  form phrases and sentences?
• What kinds of principles govern the
  interpretation of words, phrases and sentences

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Merriam Webster,

• a study and description of word-formation in a
  language including inflection, derivation, and
  compounding distinguished from syntax
• the system of word-forming elements and processes
  in a language

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Morphemes P76-77
lexical morpheme
morpheme
free morpheme
functional morpheme
derivational morpheme
bound morpheme
inflectional morpheme
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Prefix suffix infix circumfix p81
prefix
affix
infix
suffix
circumfix
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Stem, root, affix

• un-dress-ed
• prefix-stem-suffix
• bound-free-bound
• care-less-ness
• stem-suffix-suffix
• Free-bound-bound

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Morpheme, morph, allomorph

• Phoneme, phone, allophone in phonology
• Morphs are the actual forms used to realize
  morphemes.
• Allomorphs

plural morpheme -s -es -en -Ø(zero) (Vowel
alternation

• Past particles
• -ed
• -en
• -Ø (zero)

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Infix examples from Tagalog (????)
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More examples from Tagalog
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Kanuri a language spoken in Nigeria. p80
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Ganda a language spoken in Uganda. p80
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Ilocano, a language of the Philippines. p81
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Word class (parts of speech)
Word class
Open class
Closed class

• Open class Closed class
• Content word (full word) function word (form
  word)

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Criteria for word classes

• Form criterion
• Meaning criterion
• (syntactical ) Function criterion

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Word classes in English p88
nouns
verbs
adverbs
adjectives
prepositions
conjunctions
pronouns
interjections
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POS-Tagger
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Grammatical categories

• Gender
• Number
• Case
• Person
• Tense
• Aspect
• Voice

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Agreement
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Government
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Cases of Old English
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Natural gender and grammatical gender p89-90

• German and French examples

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Person Latin. p90
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Gender in German
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Number in German
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Person in German

• Ich liebe
• Du liebst

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Case in German
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Active, passive and middle voice
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Affectedness condition and passivization
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be _en passives and get-passives
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Grammatical relations
syntagmatic
paratagmatic
positional relations
Overt relations
co-occurrence relations
Covert relations
substitutability relations
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Transformational relation
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Types of structures
Coordinate constructions
Endocentric constructions ????
subordinate constructions
Exocentric constructions ????

• How to differentiate endocentric and exocentric
  constructions?

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NP
VP
AdjP
PP
AdvP
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Linear structure or hierarchical structure a
test with ambiguous structures
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Immediate constituent analysis IC. p93
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Determining constituents
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Phrase structure
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PSG Phrase Structure Grammar