By:%20Brittney%20Keel

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Leishmania Braziliensis

• By Brittney Keel

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Lieshmania Braziliensis

• The Lieshmania Braziliensis is transmitted by
  female sand flies and caused by intracellular
  protozoa of the genus Leishmania.
• Lieshmania Braziliensis is one of the 21
  different types of lieshmanias that affect
  humans. Braziliensis is found in brazil and other
  Latin American countries.
• The different species are morphologically
  indistinguishable, but they can be differentiated
  by isoenzyme analysis, molecular methods, or
  monoclonal antibodies.

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Categories

• There are three different types of categories
  that liechmanias are put into
• Cutanious- liechmanias that are put into this
  category can cause lesions on the body which can
  lead to disfigurement.
• Mucocutanious- the liechmanias that are put into
  this one are somewhat the same as cutanious but
  cause lesions and ulcers on the mucus membranes.
• Visceral- liechmanias that are put here like the
  core body temp. so they affect the internal body
  such as your liver, spleen, and even your bone
  marrow.

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The Life Cycle
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The Life Cycle
Macrophages eat promastigotes
Sand flies
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Life Cycle cont..
Amastigotes multiply
Sand fly ingest amastigotes
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Life Cycle
Amastigotes transform Into promastigotes.
Promastigotes multiply
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• An intact macrophage is practically filled with
  amastigotes

• Amastigotes are being freed from a rupturing
  macrophage. 

• Picture of a promastigote

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Risks

• Children are at greater risk than adults in
  endemic areas.
• Malnutrition has been shown to contribute to the
  development of disease.
• Incomplete therapy of initial disease is a risk
  factor for recurrence of leishmaniasis.
• Of note, the bite of one infected sand fly is
  sufficient to cause the disease, since a sand fly
  can ingest more than 1000 parasites per bite.

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Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

• The incubation period is from 1-3 months.
  Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can be the primary
  manifestation of the disease, but the primary
  lesions may also be limited to cutaneous
  manifestations, with mucosal lesions appearing
  only later in the course of disease when
  untreated cutaneous lesions progress to involve
  the oral and nasal surfaces. Cases in which the
  time between the primary lesion and the
  appearance of mucosal involvement is up to 2
  decades have been reported.
• Initial symptoms related to mucosal lesions may
  include nasal obstruction and bleeding.
• Mucosal lesions become painful gradually and can
  become sites of infection, sometimes leading to
  sepsis.
• Cutaneous lesions can be single or multiple, and
  Secondary mucosal lesions often develop after the
  primary lesion has healed.
• Mucosal lesions can progress to involve the
  entire nasal mucosa and the hard and soft
  palates. Without treatment, the entire nasal
  mucosa and palates become deformed with
  ulceration and erosion of the nasal septum, lips,
  and palate. The disease attacks cartilaginous
  areas but usually spares bony structures, and it
  can leave extreme disfigurement.
• Signs include gingival edema, periodontitis, and
  adenopathy.

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Prevention

• Some studies have shown protection against
  cutaneous leishmaniasis with vaccination of
  killed Leishmania promastigotes and live bacillus
  Calmette-Guérin (BCG). This, however, does not
  seem to be protective against visceral
  leishmaniasis.
• Control of the sand flies.

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Treatment

• Sodium antimony gluconate
• Pentamidine
• Miltefosine

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More Info

• www.cdc.gov
• www.eMedicine.com