EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PRESENTATION

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PRESENTATION

• WASTE TO ENERGY PROJECT
• SAN JOSE COSTA RICA
• GASIFICATION TO ENERGY
• Reasonable, Responsible Recycling

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Waste to Energy
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Project Essentials

• Adequate tipping fees for all work
• Definitions of work to be performed
• Processing versus End Point.
• Regulatory approvals
• Import Tax Waivers or Tip Fee offset
• Permitting guarranteed
• Location guarranteed
• Offtake contract for power P.P.A.

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Project Delivery Risk
Vendor Design Bid Build
DBFO - P3
DBO Contract P3
Concession or BOOT
Private Ownership
General Contractor DB
Courtesy Epcor
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Biosphere Gasifier Rendering
Ecology Wet Cell
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Front End Recycling

• We tend to prefer projects which remove
  recyclable materials, and non recyclable
  materials.
• We cant gasify stone and glass, and we should
  recycle aluminum cans, etc.

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Front End Recycling,Single Stream.
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Waste Transfer can be clean

• Transfer to Waste Processing can be direct or by
  trans shipment.
• Baling systems can produce wrapped waste with NO
  odor and NO negative image.

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Fully enclosed waste transfer
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Visually neutral.

• Bales weigh approximately 3,500 pounds each.
• Compressed approximately 141 ratio.
• Can be stacked deeply, and held in high
  temperatures without problems

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Refuse Derived Fuel

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) is processed into
  Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in a MRF i.e., in a
  Material Recycling Facility
• The RDF can be gasified in an Biosphere Gasifier
• The RDF can also be mixed with 82 moisture
  content belt pressed Municipal sewage sludge
  and gasified in an Biosphere Gasifier

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Prototype 15 Million Btu/h Unit
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Direct-fired lumber kilns
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Indirectly fired dryer in Pulp mill
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Firing lime kiln
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Proven Commercial Performance

• Two units (45,000,000 Btu x 2) have been running
  continuously for 27 years.
• The machine has lasted longer than most of the
  ten forestry product companies who installed
  units.
• Reliable, robust, solid and proven fluidized bed
  updraft gasification that can project finance.

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Miscellaneous Wastes

• Municipal Solid Waste
• Refuse derived fuel
• Bio Solids or Sludge from waste water
• Used Railway Ties Telephone Poles
• Construction and Demolition Debris
• Land Clearing Debris
• Poultry litter
• Cow Manure
• Pig Manure
• Mixtures of the above

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Diagram of 3 - 90 Million Btu/h Biosphere
Gasifiers Externally Co-firing an existing
boiler
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Firing of Steam Turbine

• Biomass is gasified in separate units built
  alongside of steam turbine.
• Gasifiers 2,000oF 200oF products of combustion
  are ducted to Heat Exchangers which drive steam
  into the Turbine.
• Products of combustion from Heat Exchanger goes
  into our special bag houses.
• Biomass moisture content up to 65 is OK for
  our gasifiers.

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Significant Features, 1

• Four air sources
• Underfire air gasifies biomass in the 1st stage
• Overfire air preheats 1st stage producer gas
  to ensure ignition in the 2nd stage
• Primary combustion air ignites the preheated
  producer gas at the bottom of the 2nd stage
• Secondary combustion air completes combustion of
  producer gas in the 2nd stage

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Significant Features, 2

• Very large 1st stage grate area
• Hence grate temperature 1,200oF
• Hence essentially zero slag
• Ash can be reclaimed as valuable products
• Very low underfire air flow
• (only need sufficient air to gasify biomass)
• Hence very low particulate elutriation off pile

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Significant Features, 3

• The Biosphere Gasifier can burn biomass with
  moisture contents up to 65 (wet basis) and ash
  contents up to 35
• 51 turndown ratio is standard 91 is not
  uncommon
• 15 second response time to step change in Btu
  Demand signal
• Abort valve permits rapid dumping of products of
  combustion in an emergency

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Refuse Derived Fuel

• Municipal solid waste (MSW) is processed into
  Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) in a MRF i.e., in a
  Material Recycling Facility
• The RDF can be gasified in an Biosphere Gasifier
• The RDF can also be mixed with 82 moisture
  content belt pressed Municipal sewage sludge
  and gasified in an Biosphere Gasifier
• WILL OR WONT, VERSUS, CANT!

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Physical Plant Construction
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CONSTRUCTION

• Estimated direct workforce will be 35 to 40 men
  for approximately fourteen months.
• Additional jobs will likely be in transportation
  and supply.

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Construction Major Trades

• Heavy Equipment operators
• Electrical, Major and sub-systems
• Machinists, Welders and fitters
• Power Equipment, Cranes, Concrete
• Refractory

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Environmental Compliance
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KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK
CONVENTION CLIMATE CHANGE

• Reducing the greenhouse gas effects of the
  combustion of fossil fuels is exactly the value
  produced by a biomass and refuse derived fuel
  based power plant.
• ZERO new CO2 production cycle.

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Biosphere Gasifier

• 1st Stage gentle updraft gasification on very
  large grate
• 2nd Stage vigorous, double vortex, cyclonic
  combustion
• Emissions (untreated) CO lt 1 ppm, NOxlt 15 ppm,
  particulate lt 100 mg/Nm3
  (lt 0.125 lb/106 Btu lt 0.04 gr/dscf)
• Emissions listed are prior to treatment, Bag
  House _at_ PM2.5 and Wet Tubular Electrostatic
  Precipitators are planned for projects.
• Units in continuous operation for 25 years

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Significant Features, 4

• Staged combustion permits operating with excess
  air levels as low as 15
• The lime kiln test unit burned 55 moisture
  content hog fuel and supplied 2,200oF flue gas to
  the kiln _at_ ? 15
• Staged combustion and low temperatures (due to
  wet fuels) combine to produce virtually zero
  thermal NOx

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Significant Features, 5

• Dioxins and Furans Destroyed, viz.,
• Chlorine can react with cellulose to form dioxins
  and furans in the 1st stage
• However, these gases are destroyed in the 2nd
  stage with its 1,800oF plus brick walls
• No black waterwalls are present to chill - and
  lock in - dioxins or furans in the 2nd stage

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Dioxins Furans M.A.C.T.

• M.A.C.T. is maximum available control technology.
  (Also sometimes known as B.A.C.T. or Best
  Available Control Technology).
• While we should not have any issue with this on
  our gasification, we include special bag houses
  that would automatically catch any dioxins or
  furans at 40 below the current A7 Ontario
  Standards. Very, very clean.

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Natural Exposure is Forest Fire
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SWEDISH EXPERIENCE

• 29 Waste to Energy plants operating at this time.
• GUESS What is their total output of dioxins, all
  29 plants, annually?

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Catalytic Filter System
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Metals, Sulphur etc.
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Metals removed (not supposed to be there)
Maximum liquid and direct burn Maximum
sludge burn Maximum bulk solids burn
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NOx M.A.C.T.

• The Idaho National Laboratory has come up with a
  way to insert a re-burn chamber for NOx on the
  exit ducting of our gasification unit.
• Given the low proteins in municipal waste product
  and very low thermal NOx this would be a very
  conservative move that we would do more for PR
  than any need but this is a test we are
  interested in and will pursue.

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Agricultural Wastes

• With a grate temperature of 1,200oF, potassium
  (potash) and sodium (soda) in agricultural and
  animal waste do not vaporize to form alkali
  deposits on boiler tubes
• Potassium vaporizes at 1,400oF and sodium
  vaporizes at 1,616oF
• The potash and soda remain in the 1st stage, from
  which they are removed by the built-in ash
  removal system and sold to farmers depending on
  what else is present
  

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Economics, Job Benefits
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Biosphere Gasifier Rendering
Ecology Wet Cell
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What would we like?

• Letter of intent for projects from the
  Government, waiver of import duties.
• Waste contracts for all of the Various cities
  waste at 40/ton PPA of 0.099
• PPP of some kind on the recycling portion of the
  project.
• Political support in complying with all of the
  appropriate requirements.

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Letter of Commitment question, funding

• The short answer is "YES", we can obtain
  commitment letters "subject to", but,
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• make no mistake, we would not take this to our
  funding groups at this juncture because we have
  not done ANY of our homework.  We don't even have
  the MOU signed and returned.
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•     1.  We have no waste composition or proximate
  or ultimate analysis on which to base our
  engineering opinions to our own funders and
  partners.  We have no assurances that the waste
  which would be characterized will be maintained
  within normal variance.  We have no moisture
  content and inert contents review done.  We have
  had no discussions on the disposal of inerts
  which will prove to be critical to this project
  in a "no landfills" mandate.
•      2.  We have no letters of intent from any of
  the Cities we are going to be working with to
  provide us with take or pay contracts which
  underpin our deals both on the Waste Off take
  contracts and on the Power Purchase agreement. 
  We have no economic basis for even basic deal
  economic evaluation.  No tipping fees outline
  with escalators, no PPA rates and acceptance
  terms, no nothing!
•     3.  We have no site or location selected with
  a logistics and permitting study, even a basic
  one, done.
•      4.  We have no property tax deal, no
  governmental guarantee on the waste contracts and
  the land purchase and no waiver of import duties
  in place.

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Thank you.

• We look forward to answering any of your
  questions on all of the topics covered in this
  presentation.
• You can reach Paul Finestone at 818-995-6706, or
  on email paul_at_biosphereenergy.com
• Thank you.