American Imperialism

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American Imperialism
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Before 1890s

• Little U.S. foreign policy
• Cuba American southerners had desired the
  Annexation before the Civil War
• During the Civil War desire to expand Confederacy
  in Mexico, Cuba, and South America.
• 1867 William Henry Seward, Sec. of State
• Alaska Purchase (7.2 million)
• Midway Islands Annexation
• 1875 Hawaii Sugar Tariff Repealed
• 1887 Pearl Harbor on the Sovereign island of
  Hawaii annexed for U.S. Naval Base
• Protectorates United States offering to protect
  small territories from imposing 3rd party

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U.S. Military (Before 1890s)

• Army
• Oversized office corps
• Dominated by aging Civil War veterans
• Slow to adopt new technology into military
  service
• Navy
• Wooden Ships Powered by dangerous Boilers
• U.S. Armament Industries soon to Expand
• Business Government aggressive foreign policy

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1890s and Beyond

• U.S. frontier --- closed
• Frederick Jackson Turner, 1893
• Demands of Industrial Capitalism
• Search for foreign markets
• Investment
• Prestige European Competition Scrambling for
  colonies
• Security Protection against potential rivals
• Drive to Excel / Progress
• civilizing missions

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Racial Nationalism

• Eugenics
• Racial mixing Degrades blood
• New science a reaction of Social Darwinism
• Methods sought to improve hereditary
  characteristics
• White mission overseas Uplift / Civilize
• Colonize to Christianize

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Expansion v. Imperialism

• Expansion
• relatively positive
• informal empire
• Imperialism
• imposing will on others
• Both require Standing Army
• Militias too problematic
• Standing Army antithesis of a REPUBLIC

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Changes in Attitude

• Ongoing Debates over Expansion
• British Maneuverings troubling, 1895
• Concerns over additional European movement

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Cuba
José Martí
President William McKinley
General Valeriano Weyler
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Reconcentrado
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Remember the Maine 1898

• Naval Blockade
• Small Army meant reliance on volunteers
• 200,000 enlisted

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Teddys Rough Riders
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U.S. Tenth CavalryTook San Juan Hill
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Philippines, 1898

• Strategic access to Asian Markets
• 4 year struggle (4x more U.S. casualties than
  Span/Am war)
• Hawaii crucial provisional point
• Annexed 1898
• Annexed by U.S., 1899
• Amnesty granted to surrendering Rebels
• BUT.insurgency lasts until 1913
• Ceded other Spanish possessions
• Guam
• Puerto Rico
• Rise of Anti-Imperialist Leagues

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Panama Canal

• U.S. Support Panamanian Independence
• Roosevelt gained unofficial support from a few
  Panamanians to purchase lands for canal
• Roosevelts Corollary
• Concern over European intervention in Caribbean /
  South America
• A new U.S. commitment to Latin American
  stability

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