SPORT AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

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CHAPTER 8

• SPORT AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

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I am not a cheat. I do what I am supposed to do
to win. Most of the people here in Canada
stilllook at me as the fastest man
alive.Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, 2006
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DOPING AND SPORT

• Break the record
• Public opinion on athlete doping
• Ben Johnsons positive test
• Sport was once drug-free and is now
• Drug consumption is harmful to athletes
• Drugs challenge the notion of fair play in sport.

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The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

• Doping in sport is the complete antithesis of the
  Spirit of Sport.
• Doping destroys all that is good and noble about
  sport.
• Doping jeopardizes the health and well-being of
  athletes and erodes public confidence.
• Athletes who test positive for doping ruin their
  good name and reputation

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The Myth of Substance-Free Sport

• material resources
• expertise
• facilities
• participation

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HEALTH AND SPORT

• sport is noble and healthy without doping
• vs
• sport is not a healthy enterprise

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Violent Sport Infractions

• Player vs Player
• Fans
• Parents
• Officials

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VIOLENCE and SPORT

• violent or aggressive
• unacceptable or acceptable
• part of the game or not part of the game
• consensual or not consensual

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Sport Violence and Aggression
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Compare Violence and Aggression
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Violence

• All types of physical aggression intended to
• harm or injure others.

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Agression

• A positive channeling of emotional and
• physical energy or intensity toward a
• legitimate goal.

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Define

• Instinct
• Catharsis effect
• Frustration-aggression
• Social learning

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• How can we explain why violence and
• aggression are considered important parts
• of sport, often celebrated, often respected?

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The Culture of Violence in Sport

• History
• Masculinity
• Spectatorship
• Communities
• Second-wave feminism
• Media representations
• Codes of conduct

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Corollary to Codes of Conduct

• Suck it up
• Be a man
• Throw like a girl
• Hazardous workplaces

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Youth Sport and Violence

• coaching education programs
• Parent aggression against officials
• and against one another
• normative behaviours in sport

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Spectator Violence

• International phenomenon
• Canadian Examples

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Origins of Violence

• social
• political
• economic

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fault-lines

• or points of tension in each
• country, be they religious, ethnic, or related
• to social class or language.

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Factors Influencing Spectator Behaviour During
Sporting Events

• alcohol consumption,
• the social significance of the event,
• the historical importance of rivalry between
  teams or towns,
• the type of crowd management techniques and
  infrastructure employed by stadium organizers,
  and the type of sport being played. As Coakley
  (2004)

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Summary Thought

• The issue of aggression and violence in
  professional and elite sports will remain until
  the very culture of sport changes how it is
  understood, watched, and appreciated.