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1
Unit 13

• -µ? VerbsAorist, Perfect System

2
Aorist Ind. Act. -µ? Verbs

• Some have both 1st and 2nd aorist forms.
• ?st?sa / ?st??
• Mixed aorist kappa forms
• ?d??a, ????a
• Both a short-vowel and a long-vowel grade stem.
• d??-/d?-, ???-/?e-, st?-/sta-

3
Mixed Aorist Ind. Act. -µ? Verbs

• -a
• -a?
• -e(?)
• -aµe?
• -ate
• -a?

• -a
• -a?
• -e(?)
• -µe?
• -te
• -sa?

4
Mixed Aorist Ind. Act. -µ? Verbs

• -a
• -a?
• -e(?)
• -µe?
• -te
• -sa?

?d??a ?d??a? ?d??e(?) ?d?µe? ?d?te ?d?sa?
????a ????a? ????e(?) ??eµe? ??ete ??esa?
5
Mixed Aorist Ind. Act. -µ? Verbs

• -a
• -a?
• -e(?)
• -µe?
• -te
• -sa?

?d??a ?d??a? ?d??e(?) ?d?µe? ?d?te ?d?sa?
????a ????a? ????e(?) ??eµe? ??ete ??esa?
1st 2nd Athematic
6
2nd Aorist Ind. Act. -µ? Verbs

• -??
• -e?
• -e(?)
• -?µe?
• -ete
• -??

• -?
• -?
• -
• -µe?
• -te
• -sa?

7
2nd Aorist Ind. Act. -µ? Verbs

• -?
• -?
• -
• -µe?
• -te
• -sa?

?st?? ?st?? ?st? ?st?µe? ?st?te ?st?sa?
8
Aorist Ind. Middle -µ? Verbs

• All are athematic 2nd aorists.
• Formed on short-vowel grade of the aorist stem.
• Use the athematic imperfect indicative
  middle/passive endings, mostly.
• ?st?µ? has NO 2nd aorist middle form.

9
Aorist Ind. Middle -µ? Verbs

• -?µ??
• -??
• -et?
• -?µe?a
• -es?e
• -??t?

• -µ??
• -?
• -t?
• -µe?a
• -s?e
• -?t?

10
Aorist Ind. Middle -µ? Verbs

• -µ??
• -?
• -t?
• -µe?a
• -s?e
• -?t?

?d?µ?? ?d?? ?d?t? ?d?µe?a ?d?s?e ?d??t?
???µ?? ???? ??et? ???µe?a ??es?e ??e?t?
11
Aorist Subj. Active -µ? Verbs

• Same aorist subjunctive active endings.
• Use short-vowel grade of the aorist stem.
• Contract the endings with the stem.
• Same unusual omicron contract already seen with
  d?d?µ?.
• As before, ?st?µ? uses the epsilon for the stem
  instead of the alpha.

12
Aorist Subj. Active -µ? Verbs

• -?
• -??
• -?
• -?µe?
• -?te
• -?s?(?)

• -?
• -??
• -?
• -?µe?
• -?te
• -?s?(?)

13
Aorist Subj. Active -µ? Verbs

• -?
• -??
• -?
• -?µe?
• -?te
• -?s?(?)

d? d?? d? d?µe? d?te d?s?(?)
?? ??? ?? ??µe? ??te ??s?(?)
st? st?? st? st?µe? st?te st?s?(?)
14
Aorist Subj. Middle -µ? Verbs

• Same aorist subjunctive middle endings.
• Use short-vowel grade of the aorist stem.
• Contract the endings with the stem.
• Same unusual omicron contract already seen with
  d?d?µ?.
• As before, ?st?µ? has NO aorist middle forms
  because is uses the intransitive.

15
Aorist Subj. Middle -µ? Verbs

• -?µa?
• -?
• -?ta?
• -?µe?a
• -?s?e
• -??ta?

• -?µa?
• -?
• -?ta?
• -?µe?a
• -?s?e
• -??ta?

16
Aorist Subj. Middle -µ? Verbs

• -?µa?
• -?
• -?ta?
• -?µe?a
• -?s?e
• -??ta?

d?µa? d? d?ta? d?µe?a d?s?e d??ta?
??µa? ?? ??ta? ??µe?a ??s?e ???ta?
17
Aorist Opt. Active -µ? Verbs

• Same aorist optative active athematic endings.
• Use short-vowel grade of the aorist stem.
• Contract the endings with the stem.
• Like the present optative, ?st?µ? goes back to
  using the alpha short-vowel grade.

18
Aorist Opt. Active -µ? Verbs

• -a?µ?/-??µ?
• -a??/-???
• -a?/-??
• -a?µe?/-??µe?
• -a?te/-??te
• -a?e?/-e?a?/-??e?

• -???
• -???
• -??
• -?µe?/-??µe?
• -?te/-??te
• -?e?/-??sa?

19
Aorist Opt. Active -µ? Verbs

• -???
• -???
• -??
• -?µe?/-??µe?
• -?te/-??te
• -?e?/-??sa?

d???? d???? d??? d??µe? d??te d??e?
d???? d???? d??? d???µe? d???te d???sa?
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Aorist Opt. Active -µ? Verbs

• -???
• -???
• -??
• -?µe?/-??µe?
• -?te/-??te
• -?e?/-??sa?

?e??? ?e??? ?e?? ?e?µe? ?e?te ?e?e?
?e??? ?e??? ?e?? ?e??µe? ?e??te ?e??sa?
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Aorist Opt. Active -µ? Verbs

• -???
• -???
• -??
• -?µe?/-??µe?
• -?te/-??te
• -?e?/-??sa?

sta??? sta??? sta?? sta?µe? sta?te sta?e?
sta??? sta??? sta?? sta??µe? sta??te sta??sa?
22
Aorist Opt. Middle -µ? Verbs

• Same aorist optative middle athematic endings.
• Use short-vowel grade of the aorist stem.
• Contract the endings with the stem.
• As before, ?st?µ? has NO 2nd aorist middle form.

23
Aorist Opt. Middle -µ? Verbs

• -??µ??
• -???
• -??to
• -??µe?a
• -??s?e
• -???t?

• -?µ??
• -??
• -?t?
• -?µe?a
• -?s?e
• -??t?

24
Aorist Opt. Middle -µ? Verbs

• -?µ??
• -??
• -?t?
• -?µe?a
• -?s?e
• -??t?

d??µ?? d??? d??t? d??µe?a d??s?e d???t?
?e?µ?? ?e?? ?e?t? ?e?µe?a ?e?s?e ?e??t?
25
Aorist Imperative Act. -µ? Verbs

• For mixed aorists, use the short-vowel grade of
  the aorist stem.
• d?-, ?e-
• For root aorists, use the long-vowel grade of the
  aorist stem.
• st?-
• The second person singular is different.
• Mixed aorist -? Root aorist -??

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Aorist Imperative Act. -µ? Verbs

• -??/-e
• -at?/-et?
• -ate/-ete
• -a?t??/-e?t??

• -?, -??
• -t?
• -te
• -?t??

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Aorist Imperative Act. -µ? Verbs

• -?, -??
• -t?
• -te
• -?t??

d?? d?t? d?te d??t??
??? ??t? ??te ???t??
st??? st?t? st?te st??t??
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Aorist Imperative Mid. -µ? Verbs

• It is formed using the short-vowel grade stem of
  the aorist stem.
• d?-, ?e-
• As before, ?st?µ? has NO 2nd aorist middle form.
• Same endings as the thematic, only without the
  thematic alpha/epsilon.
• The intervocalic sigma drops in the second person
  singular and contracts.

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Aorist Imperative Mid. -µ? Verbs

• -a?/-??
• -as??/-es??
• -as?e/-es?e
• -as???/-es???

• -?
• -s??
• -s?e
• -s???

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Aorist Imperative Mid. -µ? Verbs

• -?
• -s??
• -s?e
• -s???

d?? d?s?? d?s?e d?s???
??? ??s?? ??s?e ??s???
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Aorist Infinitives Active -µ? Verbs

• For mixed aorists, use the short-vowel grade of
  the aorist stem.
• d?-, ?e-
• contract with the ending -??a?
• For root aorists, use the long-vowel grade of the
  aorist stem.
• st?-
• add the ending -?a?

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Aorist Infinitives Active -µ? Verbs

• For mixed aorists
• d???a?
• ?e??a?
• For root aorist
• st??a?

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Aorist Infinitives Middle -µ? Verbs

• For mixed aorists, use the short-vowel grade of
  the aorist stem.
• d?-, ?e-
• add the ending s?a?
• d?s?a?
• ??s?a?
• As before, ?st?µ? has NO 2nd aorist middle form.

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Perfect Pluperfect Active - ?st?µ?

• For the singular of the perfect and pluperfect
  tenses active, ?st?µ? forms as thematic verbs on
  the 4th principal part.
• The plural of the perfect and pluperfect tenses
  active use a different stem and different
  endings.
• The passive forms as thematic verbs on the 5th
  principal part.

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Perfect Active - ?st?µ?

• ?st??-
• ?st??-
• ?st??-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-

?st??a ?st??a? ?st??e(?) ?staµe? ?state ?st?s?(?)
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Perfect Active - ?st?µ?

• ?st??-
• ?st??-
• ?st??-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-

?st??a ?st??a? ?st??e(?) ?staµe? ?state ?st?s?(?)
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Pluperfect Active - ?st?µ?

• Pluperfects form mostly in the same way as
  perfects.
• Add the past augment to the singular.
• Use the thematic personal endings for the
  singular and the athematic personal endings for
  the plural.

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Pluperfect Active - ?st?µ?

• e?st??-
• e?st??-
• e?st??-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-

e?st??? e?st???? e?st??e?(?) ?staµe? ?state ?stas
a?
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Pluperfect Active - ?st?µ?

• e?st??-
• e?st??-
• e?st??-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-
• ?sta-

e?st??? e?st???? e?st??e?(?) ?staµe? ?state ?stas
a?