Aflatoxin contamination of Groundnut

1
Aflatoxin contamination of Groundnut

• Farid Waliyar
• Peter Craufurd, T Yellamanda Reddy, Tim Wheeler,
  K Subramanyam, A Subramaniam, Balaraju, Gareth
  McGay, A Brown, R S S Hopper

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Aflatoxin contamination of Groundnut

• Introduction
• Importance of aflatoxin
• Groundnut and other by products
• Health
• Market
• Detection of aflatoxins.

3
Inoduction

• Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus /
  A. parasiticus

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Efect of aflatoxin on crops

• Many crops are affected
• Maize, Groundnut, Soybean, Cotton, Chili etc..
• Can occur at all levels of crop production
• Pre-harvest, harvest, and storage

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Effects of Aflatoxin on crops (conted)

• Deteriorate quality
• Oil/groundnut cake
• Contaminated food / feed can affect human and
  animal health
• Important for International trade

6
Effects of Aflatoxin on crops (contd)

• Contamination in haulms
• Small pods not collected
• Fed to the cattle
• Affect animal Health
• Haulms/pods
• 31 contained gt30 µ g/kg (30-3964 µ g/kg)

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Aflatoxin in Milk

• Milk
• Cattle fed with contaminated feeds
• Haulms
• Groundnut or cotton cakes
• Maize
• Aflatoxin B1 ? M1
• Just as toxic
• ELISA test developed (antibodies)

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Aflatoxin in Milk

• As the main source of contamination are small
  pods Aflatoxin M1 can be present in the milk
• Milk analyzed from buffaloes fed with
  haulms/small pods showed 22.5 of samples had
  gt0.5 ng/L of AFM1

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Effects of Aflatoxin on health

• Adverse effects on human health and livestock.
• Blood tests have shown that very high percentage
  of the population of several countries in Asia
  and Africa are exposed to aflatoxins.

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Effect of aflatoxin on health

• Human beings and Livestock
• Cattle
• Poultry
• Deleterious effects
• Teratogenic
• Immunosuppressive
• Many times enhanced in the presence of hepatitis
  B and C viruses.
• Carcinogenic

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Cancers with p53 mutation (NIMS)

• Lung
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Colon
• Ovary etc..

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The confounding factors

• Hepatitis B and C
• Malnutrition
• Alcoholic liver disease

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Marketability

• Limiting factor for exports to developed
  countries
• Regulations are stringent
• 4 µ g/kg lt EU
• None Japan
• Local market and health

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Estimation of aflatoxins

• Cost-effective technologies required
• DFID-flexibility fund
• ELISA for aflatoxin detection was developed which
  reduced the estimation cost
• Further information and data will be presented
  later