KINGDOM FUNGI

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KINGDOM FUNGI

• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Heterotrophs
• Saprotrophic
• Parasitic
• Mutualistic

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KINGDOM FUNGI

• YEASTS are the only unicellular fungi
• Consist of threadlike structures called hyphae
• Septate or nonseptate hyphae
• Body is the mycelium
• Cell wall of chitin
• Store food as glycogen

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Budding yeast
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septate hyphae
nonseptate hyphae
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KINGDOM FUNGI

• Nonmotile haploid spores form during asexual and
  sexual reproduction
• Evolved about 600 million years ago from protist
  ancestors

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Classification of Fungi

• Division Zygomycota
• zygospore fungi
• Division Ascomycota
• sac fungi
• Division Basidiomycota
• club fungi
• Division Deuteromycota
• fungi imperfecti

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Division Zygomycota

• Black bread mold Rhizopus
• Hyphae extend into bread for nourishment
• Asexual reproduction stalked sporangia are
  produced that release haploid spores

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Rhizopus
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Division Zygomycota

• In sexual reproduction
• two hyphae of different mycelia meet ( and -)
• a haploid gamete forms at the tip of each
  projection
• the two gametangia fuse and from a diploid zygote
• zygote develops into a zygospore

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In sexual reproduction of zygomycota - a plus
hyphae and a minus hyphae meet - a haploid
gamete forms at the tip of each
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- two gametangia fuse and from a diploid zygote -
zygote develops into a zygospore
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Division Zygomycota

• the zygospore undergoes meiosis, germinates, and
  produces a haploid sporangium which releases
  haploid spores
• each haploid spore can grow into a new haploid
  mycelium
• Haplontic Life Cycle

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Division Ascomycota Sac fungi

• Sac fungi includes yeasts, morels, truffles, cup
  fungi powdery mildews, and the fungi that causes
  Chestnut Blight and Dutch Elm Disease
• In sexual reproduction, typically 8 acsospores
  are produced in a sac or ascus

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Scarlet Cup fungus
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Division Ascomycota
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Apothecium
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Trametes
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Coprinus
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Geastrum
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Tremella
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Moldy orange
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A Fairy Ring marks the perimeter of the
underground fungus. These mushrooms are the above
ground sexual reproductive structure.
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Division
Review
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Division Basidiomycota

• CLUB FUNGI INCLUDE MOST MUSHROOMS, PUFFBALLS,
  SHELF MUSHROOMS, STINKHORNS, CORN SMUT, WHEAT
  RUST.
• DURING SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, TYPICALLY 4
  BASIDIOSPORES ARE PRODUCED ON THE TIP OF A
  CLUB-SHAPED STRUCTURE, THE BASIDIUM.

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Corn Smut
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Stem Rust
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Gills of mushroom
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Basidospores on a basidium
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Division Deuteromycota Fungi Imperfecti

• Penicillium, Aspergillus, and the parasitic fungi
  Candida albicans, athlete's foot fungus and the
  ringworm fungus.
• Sexual reproduction not observed.
• Asexual reproduction is by producing
  condiospores. Since the sac fungi also produce
  conidiospores, they are related to this group.

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Penicillium
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Aspergillus
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LICHENS

• Exhibit mutualism
• algal cells
• fungal hyphae
• Three types
• Crustose lichens
• Fruticose lichens
• Foliose lichens

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Lichens
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MYCORRHIZAE

• mycorrhizae means fungus root
• hyphae of some fungi form a mutualistic
  relationship with the roots of some plants
• most plants grow faster with mycorrhizae,
  especially in nutrient poor-soil
• fungi hyphae act as additional roots for the
  plant and the plant provides carbohydrates to the
  fungus..

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Mycorrhizae
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Benefits of Mycorrhizae