Urine Analysis

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Urine Analysis

• Diane C. Jette, Ph.D.
• BioMedica Diagnostics Inc.

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Reagent Test Strips

• Multiple test reagents on a ready to use test
  strip.
• Test results are read at different times after
  brief exposure to urine sample.
• The color on strip is compared to the reference
  color shown on test strip packaging.

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Typical Test Strip

• Test
• Glucose
• Bilirubin
• Ketone
• Blood
• Protein
• Nitrite
• Leukocytes
• pH
• Specific Gravity
• Urobilinogen

• Sensitivity_
• 4 to 7 mmol/L
• 7 to 14 ?mol/L
• 0.5 to 1.0 mmol/L (Acetoacetic acid)
• 150 to 620 ?g/L (Hemoglobin)
• 0.15 to 0.3 g/L (Albumin)
• 13 to 22 ?mol/L
• 5 to 15 cells/ ?L
• pH 5.0 to 8.5
• 1.000 to1.030
• 0.2 to 8 ?mol/L

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Glucose

• Small amounts of glucose normally excreted by the
  kidney.
• Below sensitivity of the test.
• gt6 mmol/L clinically significant.

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Bilirubin

• Normally no Bilirubin is detected in urine.
• Even trace amounts are clinically significant.

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Ketones

• Test detects acetoacetic acid in urine.
• Normal urine negative with this test.
• Detectable levels seen during physiological
  stress such as fasting, pregnancy, and frequent
  strenuous exercise.
• Large amounts with ketoacidosis due to starvation
  and abnormal carbohydrate or lipid metabolism.

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Specific Gravity

• Range 1.000 and 1.030
• Elevated specific gravity seen with elevated
  protein levels (1 to 7.5 g/L)

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Blood

• Test measures hemoglobin and myoglobin.
• Trace amounts may be clinically significant.
• Often found in urine of menstruating females.
• False positives may be seen with urinary tract
  infections

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pH

• Range from pH 5 to 8.5.
• False results may occur if excessive urine
  remains on the strip.

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Protein

• Test sensitive to albumin.
• Negative result does not rule out the presence of
  hemoglobin or globulins.
• Normally no protein present in urine.
• Greater than 0.3 g/L is clinically significant.

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Urobilinogen

• Normal Range in urine 3 to 17 ?mol/L
• Greater than 34 ?mol/L transition from normal to
  abnormal.
• Total absence of urobilinogen cannot be
  determined with this test.

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Nitrite

• Dependant on the conversion of dietary nitrate to
  nitrite by Gram Negative Bacteria.
• Positive results may indicate presence of greater
  than 105 cells per mL.
• Color not proportional to the number of cells.

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Leukocytes

• Normally no leukocytes present in urine.
• Positive result is clinically significant.
• Some drugs interfere with the test