The Greeks

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The Greeks

• Influence in the Development of Greek Culture
• Compare and Contrast Sparta and Athens
• Components of the Golden Age
• Major Advancements or Innovations

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Artifacts from Knossos, Crete

• Minoans Palaces with frescoes murals carved
  figures in bronze, ivory, gold, silver, stone

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Pottery
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Minoan Mycenaean influence on the latter Greek
civilization

• Linear B script
• Warrior king leadership
• Traders, merchants, sailors
• Port cities in the Mediterranean

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Shared Culture Epics

• Epics long poems about a journey to find truth
  teach morals, values, life lessons and entertain
• Homer sung the two most important epics to the
  Greeks
• Iliad Greek fought for 10 years with Troy
  1200BCE
• Odyssey Odysseus long voyage 10 years journey
  home

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Mask of Agamemnon and the Lions gate entrance
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Troy Ruins - Schliemann
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Geography

• Long, uneven coast line
• Natural harbors protection from the wind and
  sand bottoms
• Sailors, traders, and fisherman
• Poor soil for grain
• Good soil for grapes and olives trade items
• MTS isolated villages, cities not united as a
  country shared cultural traits

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The Greek Polis City - state

• Land around the city
• A community shared language, religion, customs,
  food, dress, etc
• Political and economic self contained and
  independent

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Polis The buildings

• Acropolis fortified hilltop
• Agora market place flea market
• Homes, temples, amphitheatre, palaces, surrounded
  by walls

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Polis Differences/shared

• Differences Form of government, laws, Calendar,
  money, weights and measurements
• Shared Language, religion, cultural and social
  patterns, festivals

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Shared Religion

• Explain nature (myths) lightening, fire, rainbow
• Explain emotions (gods were anthropomorphic
  human like)
• Pray for benefits harvest, victory, long life,
  luck

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Gods and Goddesses

• Myths explanation of natural phenomena humans
  emotions
• Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Ares, Apollo, Hermes,
  Demeter, Hephaistes, Athena, Poseidon, Hades
  Dionysus
• Oracles foretell the future speak through priest
  and Priestesses

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Olympic Games Honor Gods

• Began 476 BCE lasted until 396 CE every four
  years
• Men only and performed nude
• Boxing, foot races, javelin, discus, and
  wrestling, Pancratium, horse racing, and
  pentathlon

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Phalanx Defense against?
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Kings to Power to the People

• Aristocracy wealthy, land owning elite power
  laws
• Golden rule twisted
• Hoplites citizen militia shields and long
  spears (pike)
• Needed to defend polis demand rights, better
  life

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Kings to Power to the People

• Oligarchy rule by a small few
• Tyrants single person ruler,
• Monarchy leader selected by birth or bravery
  dynasty by blood

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Kings to Power to the People

• Direct democracy all citizens vote on all
  decisions.
• No women, slaves, non-city citizens (foreigners)
• Representative democracy vote for people who
  make the decisions (Republic)

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Athens Tyrants to Democracy

• Draco harsh laws death for stealing a cabbage
• Solon no debt-slavery, peer jury system in the
  dark
• Cleisthenes Council of 500, the assembly final
  decision, direct democracy

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Spartan Training

• Five good points to produce strong men and women
• From the handout

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Sparta Army Athens - Navy

• Warriors and strict control of Helots (20 1)
• Dual monarchy
• Assembly of all male citizens over 30 five men
  run day to day business

• Nobles, merchants, soldiers and farmers foreign
  artisans
• Tyrants to democracy
• Assembly of all male citizens over 30 council
  500 run day to day business

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Sparta Army Athens - Navy

• Women exercise, strong healthy children
• Could inherit property and during war ran the
  household
• Soldiers grew grain

• Women inferior Bear and raise children
• Work thread, weave
• Religious events, but stayed in seclusion
• Merchants, artisans, olive oil, wine, bronze

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Sparta Army Athens - Navy

• Inspected at birth
• Barracks Age 7
• Military training, reading and writing, Public
  service
• Military life 20 (marriage)
• Soldiers endure pain willing to die

• Boys Elementary school well rounded
• Reading, writing, grammar, rhetoric poetry,
  music, gymnastics
• Military Training 18
• Drafted 1 year

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Athens Education

• Sophists persuasion success
• Ethics decisions of good and bad right and
  wrong, morals
• Rhetoric public speaking, debate, persuasion

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Persian Wars Expansion Map pg 122

• 490 BC Battle of Marathon Athens defeats
  Persians
• 480BC Battle of Thermopylae Persian Xerxes
  victory over Spartans showed great courage
• 480 BC Battle of Salamis Greek naval
• victory over the Persians

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Athens Glory

• Delian League Athens Alliance controlled
  finances at Delos
• Pericles Statesman, orator, re-built monuments,
  colonies, stability, prosperity

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Philosophy Lovers of Wisdom

• Lifes persistent questions
• Fate v free will?
• Human nature good or bad?
• Free but held in chains?
• What is justice, truth?
• Why war, conflict?
• What is the meaning to life?
• Uncover Natural laws through reason, a thinking
  process

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Socrates

• Education about personal growth
• Know thyself introspection, motives
• Socratic method questions to answers
• The gadfly ostracism or hemlock?

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Plato Socrates student

• Recorded the teachings of Socrates
• The Academy school in Athens
• Wrote dialogues Socratic method
• The Republic aristocratic philosophers

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Aristotle Naturalist

• The Golden Mean no extremes
• The Lyceum a school in Athens
• Studied logic, reasoning, thought process,
  ethicsknew a lot about everything modern
  universities
• Tutor to Alexander the Great

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Egyptian v Greek Sculpture

• Egyptian stiff, expressionless, unnatural
• Greek lifelike, balanced proportions, realistic
• Also light and shade to create contour, depth

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Egyptian Dull, stiff no life
Greek lifelike, alive, ideal form
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Greek Art and values

• Humanism portraits of humans, lifelike , action
  real
• Pride to be displayed, viewed, public enjoyment
• Moderation simplicity, restraint, just enough
  details
• Beauty functional beauty, purpose, usefulness

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The Parthenon Athens

• Marble bronze/ivory statue to Athena
• Balanced proportions Golden ratio 1.61803 39887
  49894 84820
• Length to width and
• Length and width to height

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Greek Theatre

• Drama dialogue, action, emotions, two or three
  actor and narrator (chorus)
• Tragedies The fall from grace, Someone dies
• Hubris sin of pride, commit no crime, try to
  control fate

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Theater Dionysus- wine, agriculture, fertility

• First theater at yearly festival Thespis first
  actor wore masks rewrote chant
• Aeschylus religion and relations with gods
  fate and free will, Oresteian Trilogy
• Sophocles Oedipus Rex, Antigone

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Alexandria Egypt

• Capital Eastern Mediterranean
• Trade and commerce
• Three continents
• Great Library knowledge, science, scrolls

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New Roles for Women

• Read, write, art, math
• Cleopatra Queen - leader
• Hypatia curator of the great library - math

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Zeno Stoicism

• Divine Reason guides world
• Fate without complaint
• Each with a spark
• Quiet, no emotion, focused

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Other notable Greeks

• Pythagoras All math theorem
• Hippocrates Medicine, observation, Modern oath
• Herodotus Persian War Historian, not accurate
• Thucydides Historian Peloponnesian War, facts

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Spread of Hellenistic Culture

• Blend of Greek Persian Middle Eastern
• Married Persian Princesses, troops married as
  well
• Chose Persian Greek leaders

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Epicurus Philosopher

• Avoid pain seek pleasure
• Limit desire (Buddha) superior mental and
  intellectual pursuits
• Hedonism happiness end product, materialism,
  selfish, egotistic, appetite, seven deadly sins

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Hellenistic Achievements

• Euclid Elements of Geometry, postulates and
  theorems
• Archimedes value of pi, gears levers, pulleys,
  fire (mirror), water screw
• Aristarchus heliocentric view
• Eratosthenes calculated circumference of the
  Earth

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Ptolemy
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Peloponnesian Wars

• Sparta v Athens
• 431 404 BCE
• Army v Navy great siege, not effective for years
  (Athens port)
• Greeks war ravaged, money spent, divided
  city-states

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Alexander the Great 320BCE

• Aristotle as teacher
• Strong, brave and army loyal
• Conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt,
  Mesopotamia (Persia)
• Crossed into Indus Valley
• Died by age 33
• Military victorie
• Conquer known world
• Spread Greek values, ideas

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Macedon Conquest of Greece

• Philip II Phalanx 18 ft spears defend cavalry,
  chariots

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Alexanders Empire
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