PIA 3090

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PIA 3090

• COMPARATIVE PUBLIC MANAGEMENT AND POLICY

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The Main Event

• I. Golden Oldies
• II. Literary Map
• III. Grand Synthesis

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Politics, Policy and Organization Themes-

• What kind of Comprehensive Question could come
  out of this week's Discussions?

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Overall

• What is the nature of Public Sector Leadership?
  How is it different from the provate sector? Do
  different leadership structures make a
  difference?

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The Political Organization, the Bureaucracy and
Civil Society- Review

• 1. Political Implications of public
  organizations
• 2. Public vs. Private Personnel
• 3. Bureaucratic Power
• 4. Administrative Compassion vs. Administrative
  Neutrality
• 5. At Issue Critique of Bureaucracy?

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Alternative Structures at the Top Management Level

• 1. Cabinet- Secretary General/Director France,
  Francophone Africa, South Africa
• 2. Permanent Secretary- Imperial System Strong
  civil service control

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Top Management

• 3. Sectional Director- Political Head and Civil
  Service Bureaus-Much of Latin America, Parts of
  Asia and Ethiopia- U.S. Model
• 4. Political Penetration- Deep. US model

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Top Management

• 5. Boards and independent Bureaus- Sweden
  (Finland)
• 6. Party Leadership- China, Cuba, Vietnam

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Senior Management Functions

• a. Decision-Making- The importance of policy
  information
• "The Role of the Non-Decision"
• b. Filter Information- Specialist to Generalist
  Translation

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Senior Management Functions

• c. Communication- The Role of organizational
  and public information
• d. Ensure Implementation- objective monitoring
  mechanisms
• e. Liaison- other governments, other units

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Personal Leadership- Traits

• a. Capacity- intelligence and judgment
• b. Achievement- the power of success
• c. Responsibility- initiative and dependability
• d. Adaptability- cooperative and social

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Structures and Functions of Leadership

• a. Imperial- Chief of Staff
• b. Flat organization- work team approach
• c. Kitchen Cabinet- informal advisors

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Structure and Functions

• d. Delegation- specialization
• e. Micro-management
• f. Mixed Scanning

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Senior Management Patterns- Styles-

• a. Dictatorial- leader determines all policy,
  gives orders
• b. Participatory- group discussion, joint
  decision-making l led and advised by the
  leader
• c. Laissez-Faire- Let it alone complete
  freedom of workers, no leader participation or
  anarchy, each does his/her own thing

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Leadership Strategies-

• a. Routine tasks- hierarchy of authority-
  "dictator
• b. Creative tasks- eg. planning- team spirit,
  democratic or participatory style of leadership-
  the committee or team.

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The special problem of distances

• 1. Poor communication and a lack of spatial
  closeness
• 2. Need an organizational spirit or "esprit de
  corps" (spirit of organizational unity) between
  members of the central organization and those in
  the outlying area.
• 3. Field Administration and Offices- rooting
  for the other team

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Management Issues One

• a. Span of Command- Number of contact points-
  10-15 direct or 30-40 Occasional
• b. Issue of Group Think
• c. Palace Guard- Imperial style

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Management Issues Two

• d. Spoke and Wheel Problem- Limits of Direct
  Control
• e. "Tribalism"- herd approach
• f. Control of Expertise
• g. Role of Cabinet/Collective Executive

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Management Issues Three

• h. Laissez-faire- let it alone
• i. Organization at distance- geography as
  barrier
• j. Travel- the field, touring, trips as an
  escape
• k. Media Issues- interviews, radio, TV- Access
  vs. Control

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Themes in the Reading

• 1. Johnson- What are the characteristics of
  administrative guidance? Internationalization?
• 2. Barzeley The Contingency Approach to
  organizations? Can we reorganize government?
  (Osborne) and end hierarchy? (Fred Thayer)

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Themes

• 4. Hummel- The nature of the political
  bureaucracy? Is it evil? (Kafka)
• 5. Greene vs. Orwell Organizations and
  Society- (non-impact vs. human weakness)

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Themes

• 3. Peters-Characteristics of Public
  Organizations? Is organizational theory different
  in different parts of the world? How important
  is culture