Brazil

1
Brazil

• Colonial Brazil
• Brazil in the Age of Independence
• The Empire of Brazil
• The Slavery Issue
• The New Republic
• Decline and Fall of the Old Republic, 1914-1930
• Vargas Dictatorship 1930-1945
• Reform, Reaction, and the new New Republic
  1955-Present

2
Brazil (Map)
3
Colonial Brazil

• The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494/1506)
• Brazilwood
• Donatary Captancies
• Pernambuco and Sao Vicente
• Jesuits
• Sugar in the North
• Slavery
• Slaves/Gold in the South

4
Brazil in the Age of Independence

• The Napoleonic Crisis in Europe
• Court moves to Rio de Janeiro March 7, 1807 (John
  VI)
• April 28, 1821, Dom Pedro appointed regent
• Fico January 1822
• September 7, 1822 Plan of Ipiranga Independence
  Brazil
• The Constitution written, rewritten, and
  proclaimed
• April 7, 1831 abdication of Dom Pedro I

5
The Empire of Brazil

• 1830s 1840s an era of civil wars and
  uprisings
• Dom Pedro II is 5 when Dom Pedro I abdicates
• Dom Pedro rules with the support of the coffee
  planters
• General opposition to liberalism in any form
• Centralist Federalist controversy
• Federalist reforms Additional Act of 1834
• Secession of Rio Grande do Sul 1835
• 1840 Dom Pedro takes the reins
• Federalist Reforms abolished 1841
• Rebellion in Rio Grande put down 1845

6
The Slavery Issue

• Nov. 7, 1831 Treaty w/ Great Britain to end the
  slave trade
• Treaty not enforced until after 1850
• End of the slave trade causes serious labor
  shortage
• North languishes as south flourishes
• Anti-Slavery movement in Brazil becomes burning
  political issue after 1860.
• Rio Blanco Law 1871
• By 1884 out of over 1 million slaves only 113 had
  been freed
• May 13, 1888 slavery abolished
• The Myth of Racial Democracy
• Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves
• Carl Degler, Neither Black nor White

7
The New Republic

• November 15, 1889 Brazil proclaimed a Republic
• Constitution tilts toward federalism, but the
  country is ruled by landed plantation class.
• Coffee was king
• Valorization
• Sao Paolo and Minas Gerais monopolize federal
  power
• The Coffee Presidents
• Local oligarchs (caudillos) in other states given
  total freedom of action within their
  jurisdictions.
• Massive European immigration through the first
  decades of the twentieth century

8
Decline and Fall of the Old Republic, 1914-1930

• WWI weakens British control of the Brazilian
  economy but U.S. takes advantage
• Cessation of imports of manufactured goods leads
  to jump in industrialization
• Industrialization leads to labor unrest,
  communist/anarchist unrest
• Country remains overwhelmingly agricultural
• 461 landowners owned 27 million hectares
• 464000 landowners owned 15.7 million hectares
• 1930 election landed oligarchy vs. bourgeois
  interests
• Landed oligarch wins (Washington Luis) but Old
  Republic ends with coup detat by Getulio Vargas

9
Vargas Dictatorship 1930-1945

• Sole authority until 1934
• Elected president by Constituent Assembly 1934
• Coup dEtat 1937 establishes Estado Novo
  (1837-1945)
• Declares new constitution concurrent with state
  of emergency
• Vargas rules by decree
• 1945 forced to call elections in which he is
  ousted from power.
• Vargas Returns to power 1950, but pro-labor
  policies lead to political intrigues
• 1954 suicide

10
Reform, Reaction, and the new New Republic
1955-Present

• The Kubitschek Era (1955-1960)
• The Goulart presidency leads to radical populism
• April 1, 1964 military coup supported by the
  United States
• Military rule until 1983
• 1983 to present new New Republic