People and Work

1
People and Work
2
Individual differences

• Need to understand individuals
• Personality
• extrovert/introvert
• neurotic/stable
• Hippocrates - phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic,
  choleric
• Cattell Traits - reserved - outgoing, humble -
  assertive
• Millons 9 types

3
Groups

• Collection of individuals who interact on a
  regular basis and see themselves to be mutually
  dependant with respect to attainment of common
  goals

4
Groups

• Motivational benefits
• being part of a supportive group is more
  important than physical conditions - Hawthorn
  studies
• Business benefits
• synergy
• fragmentation of scientific and technical
  knowledge
• benefit of several disciplines
• forum for raising issues

5
Group effectiveness

• small
• less than 12
• complimentary skills
• technical and functional
• problem solving
• interpersonal
• common purpose
• focus of energies
• mutual and collective accountability
• cohesiveness - attractiveness
• conformity - through socialisation

6
Types of Groups

• Formal groups
• result of organisational structure
• Informal groups
• interaction of members of organisation
• Permanent and temporary
• Physical separation
• ease of association through technology

7
Group Stages

• formation - orientation
• choice or forced
• sharing basic personal information
• establishing roles
• storming - differentiation
• overcoming internal conflict
• norming -integration
• development of shared - normal expected ways of
  doing things

8
Group Stages

• performing - maturity
• working well, tolerance, established stable
  norms, awareness of roles
• adjourning
• disbanding, group reflection

9
Group Roles

• Task roles Maintenance Roles
• initiator encourager
• info seeker compromiser
• diagnoser peacekeeper
• opinion seeker clarifier
• evaluator summariser
• decision maker standard setter
• often breaks down in effective groups

10
Group Roles

• Belbin
• implementor
• co-ordinator
• shaper
• plant
• resource investigator
• monitor/evaluator
• teamworker
• completer
• specialist

11
Group Disadvantages

• take on own purpose
• use too much time
• allow an individual to dominate
• groupthink
• illusion of invulnerability
• inherent morality of the group
• self-censorship