Connector Components

1
Connector Components
2
Serial and Parallel Ports

• All peripheral devices that connect to the
  computer use connectors on the back of the
  computer known as ports.
• A serial port can be used to connect devices that
  use a serial interface such as a modem, scanner,
  mouse, etc.
• A parallel port is a socket on the computer that
  is used to connect a printer or other peripheral
  device such as a portable hard disk, tape backup,
  scanner, or a CD-ROM.

3
PS/2 Ports/ 6-pin Mini DIN, 5-pin DIN

• PS/2 keyboard or PS/2 mouse ports are used to
  connect the PC to its keyboard and mouse.

4
Universal Serial Bus (USB) and FireWire

• The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an external
  port and allows user to connect up to 127
  external PC peripherals, including USB keyboards,
  mice, printers, modems, scanners, and external
  disk drives.
• FireWire, also known as i.LINK or IEEE 1394 is a
  high-speed, platform-independent communication
  bus that interconnects digital devices such as
  digital video cameras, printers, scanners,
  digital cameras, and hard drives.

5
IDE, EIDE, Ultra, and SCSI Controllers

• The internal hard drive is connected to a disk
  controller with a cable.
• The hard drive and other devices can use one of
  two types of interface controllers to work with
  the computer.
• These include the Enhanced Integrated Drive
  Electronics (EIDE), and Small Computer System
  Interface (SCSI, pronounced "scuzzy") connections.

6
IDE, EIDE, Ultra, and SCSI Controllers (cont.)

• Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) is a type of
  hardware interface widely used to connect hard
  disks, CD-ROMs, and tape drives to a PC.
• 20 GB IDE hard disks have become entry level.
• The IDE interface is officially known as the AT
  Attachment (ATA) specification.
• Enhanced IDE (EIDE) or ATA-2 disk drives is the
  "new and improved" IDE. The EIDE interface can
  handle up to 8.4 GB or more.
• Ultra ATA disk drives are typically much faster
  than the older ATA and ATA-2 disk drives.
• Typical Ultra drive sizes can go up to 50 GB or
  more.

7
IDE, EIDE, Ultra, and SCSI Controllers (cont.)

• SCSI devices have the controlling electronics on
  each of the drives. However, SCSI is a much more
  advanced interface controller than ATA-2/EIDE. It
  is ideal for high-end computers, including
  network servers.
• SCSI devices are typically connected in a series,
  forming a chain that is commonly referred to as a
  daisy chain.
• There are three types of SCSI termination
• Passive
• Active
• Forced Perfection

8
SCSI Disk Types

• Three major versions of the SCSI standard are
  currently on the market, SCSI-1, SCSI-2, and
  SCSI-3.
• To help identify the signaling system used by
  SCSI devices (controllers and drives), a system
  of symbols has been devised to identify the
  different signaling systems.

9
SCSI Disk Types (cont.)

• SCSI-1, was used by many Apple computers in the
  early 1980s. By todays standards it was rather
  slow.
• SCSI-2 uses two different signaling systems,
  known as single-ended interface and differential
  interface. The two signaling systems are
  incompatible and cannot be mixed on the same SCSI
  bus.
• This figure shows an example of a 50-pin, 68-pin,
  and 80-pin (SCA) connector.
• SCSI-3 is the latest standard of the SCSI family.
  It combines all the best features of the previous
  SCSI standards.

10
Storage Components
11
Floppy Drives

• A Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) magnetically reads and
  writes information onto floppy diskettes, which
  are a form of removable storage media.
• The main drawback to the floppy diskette is that
  it only holds 1.44 MB of information, although
  most PCs still have a floppy drive.

12
The Hard Drive

• The HDD has a much larger storage capacity than
  the floppy for long-term storage.
• It stores programs and files, as well as the
  operating system.
• Typically, the HDD is an internal drive that
  cannot be removed from the computer.

13
The Hard Drive (cont.)

• Hard Drive Components include disk platters,
  read/write heads, head actuator assembly, spindle
  motor, logic/circuit board, bezel/faceplate,
  configuration jumpers, and interface connectors.

14
The Hard Drive (cont.)

• Disk platters are the actual media on which data
  is stored in the hard disk drive.
• A hard disk drive typically has two to ten
  platters. They are usually either 2 ½ or 3 ½ in
  diameter and are typically constructed of
  aluminum or a glass-ceramic composite material.
• Platters are stacked with spaces between them on
  a hub that holds them in position, separate from
  one another.
• The hub is also called the spindle.

15
The Hard Drive (cont.)

• The hard disk drive functions in much the same
  way as a floppy disk drive.
• The disk platters spin at a high speed while the
  drive heads access the media to conduct read or
  write operations.
• Personal computers have at least one HDD
  installed inside the system unit.
• If more storage capacity is needed, another HDD
  can usually be added.
• The capacity of the HDD is a measure of how much
  information it can store.

16
CD-ROMs

• A CD-ROM drive is a secondary storage device that
  reads information stored on a compact disc. The
  CD-ROM is an optical media.
• They are used for installing programs, running
  applications that install some of the files to
  the hard drive, and executing the program by
  transferring the data from the CD-ROM to memory
  while the program is running
• The major components within a CD-ROM drive are
  the optical head assembly, head actuator
  mechanism, spindle motor, loading mechanism,
  connectors and jumpers, and logic board.

17
CD-ROMs (cont.)

• Data is stored in the form of indentations and
  bumps on the reflective surface of every CD-ROM
  disk.
• The indentations are called pits, and the bumps
  are called lands.
• The most important specification for a CD-ROM
  drive is its speed, or how fast the disc will
  spin. The faster the disc spins, the faster the
  data can be transferred to the computers memory.
  
• Two other important specifications to consider
  are the access time and data transfer rate.

18
DVD - DVDRW

• The DVD looks like a CD, but the storage capacity
  is significantly higher.
• For this reason, many software manufacturers are
  starting to put programs, manuals, and other
  documentation on one DVD instead of multiple CDs.
  
• Recordable DVD drives will become standard on
  computer systems just like the CD drive did.

19
Backup Hardware

• Tape drives are most commonly used as the device
  for data backup on a network server disk drive.
  There are a variety of tape devices that use
  different tape formats for storing data.
• New USB storage devices can easily save and
  access 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB and
  1GB.

20
Network Components
21
Modems

• A modem is the primary way to connect to the
  Internet with Windows 9x through a dialup
  networking connection.
• A modem is a device that converts the digital
  data used by computers into analog signals that
  is suitable for transmission over a telephone
  line, and converts the analog signals back to a
  digital signal at the destination.

22
Network Interface Card (NIC)

• A Network Interface Card (NIC), is used to
  connect a local computer to a group of other
  computers so they can share data and resources in
  a networked environment.
• All network interface cards are designed to use
  Ethernet, Token Ring, or another similar protocol.

23
Network Interface Card (NIC) cont.

• NICs come in form of expansion cards (PCI or ISA)
  that can be installed in one of the computers
  expansion slots.
• The network cable plugs to the computer through
  the adapter card or NIC.
• This is possible due to a connector type known as
  the RJ-45 connector it has 8 wires inside.

24
System Resources
25
What are System Resources?

• System resources are shared between the different
  hardware components or devices of the computer
  system that need to communicate with CPU.
• The CPU is a complete computation engine that is
  fabricated on a single chip.
• It not only controls the functions of the
  computer, but also handles requests from many
  input and output devices.
• The CPU is only capable of handling one request
  at a time.

26
Interrupt Requests (IRQ's)

• Various hardware devices may want to tell the CPU
  that they have some information available that is
  ready for transfer. The devices indicate this by
  making an interrupt request, or IRQ.
• It is a general rule that IRQs cannot be shared.
  
• A device's IRQ will cause the operating system to
  stop momentarily as it asks the CPU to service
  its request.

27
Direct Memory Access (DMA)

• Direct Memory Access (DMA) channels allow devices
  to bypass the processor and directly access the
  computer memory.
• DMA channels are typically used by high-speed
  communication devices for transferring large
  amounts of data at high speeds.
• Examples include sound cards, some network cards,
  some SCSI cards, some disk drives, and some tape
  backup drives.

28
Input/Output (I/O) Addresses

• An I/O port number is a memory address where data
  is temporarily stored as it moves in and out of
  the devices.
• The I/O address is very similar to a post office
  box. As mail comes in, it is stored temporarily
  in a post office box. No two boxes can have the
  same number or the mail can end up in the wrong
  box.
• No two devices can have the same I/O address.

29
Portable Devices
30
Notebook Computers

• Notebook computers incorporate the system unit,
  input unit, and output unit into a single,
  lightweight package, that can be carried around
  by the user.
• They are also called portables, laptop computers,
  palmtops, or personal digital assistant (PDA),
  depending on their size and what they can do.

31
Portable Hardware

• Portables are built with the intention of being
  lightweight and fitting within a certain size or
  form factor.
• Portable devices include batteries, hard drives,
  PCMCIA Cards, and memory.
• Originally, portables used Nickel Cadmium
  (Ni-Cad) batteries and were in an external
  battery pack that would attach to the portable
  device.

32
Portable Hardware (cont.)

• More recently, Nickel Metal-Hydride (NiMH) and
  Lithium-Ion batteries have been used in portable
  devices.
• These batteries usually last for a little over
  two hours, depending on their size and the power
  consumption by the device.
• Hard drives have been developed to be smaller and
  use less power to accommodate size and power
  limitations.

33
PCMCIA Cards

• The Personal Computer Memory Card International
  Association (PCMCIA) card, is a special expansion
  card type designed primarily to accommodate the
  needs of the portable computer market.
• There are three types of PCMCIA slots and cards
• Type I cards are 3.3mm thick and used as memory
  expansion units
• Type II cards are 5mm thick and are used for any
  expansion device except hard drives.
• Type III cards are 10.5mm thick and designed to
  be used solely for hard drives.

34
Portable Computer Displays

• Notebook and laptop computers use non-CRT type
  displays, also referred to as flat panel
  displays.
• Two examples of such displays are Liquid Crystal
  Display (LCD) and gas-plasma panels.
• They are much lighter and more compact than CRT
  monitors.
• They require much less electrical energy to
  operate.
• Both types of display units can be operated from
  batteries

35
Docking Station/Port Replicator

• A docking station is a device that can be used to
  allow a portable PC to use the normal hardware
  devices associated with desktop computers.
• A port replicator is similar to a docking
  station. It connects multiple peripherals to a
  notebook but it does not contain any slots for
  expansion, speakers or peripherals.

Docking Station
Port Replicator
36
Upgrading and Troubleshooting Laptop Computers

• Use the system tools on a regular basis to keep
  the system running smoothly.
• Overheating can cause the system to slow down and
  malfunction.
• Keeping the notebook cooler can be as simple as
  raising the notebook slightly to allow air to
  circulate under the computer.
• Notebook cooler pads can be purchased that
  utilize fans powered by the USB port help keep
  the notebook cool.

37
Infrared Device

• Infrared technology, also known as Infrared
  Radiation (IR) is used for wireless transmission
  between computer devices and in remote controls
  for television and stereo systems.
• To successfully link two devices, there must be a
  transmitter and receiver with an unobstructed
  line of sight between the devices.

38
Wireless Access Points

• Radio signals are used in wireless networking
  technologies to enable computers to broadcast
  their information to one another using.
• A wireless access point is utilized so that
  computers in a client/server network communicate.

39
(No Transcript)