Biology

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Biology

• Biology
• - bio life logy study
• - The study of LIFE

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What is LIFE??

• Characteristics
• 1. Cells
• - Robert Hooke 1665 examined cork slices
  under microscope named compartments cells
• - structural and functional unit of all living
  things.
• - building blocks
• - 1-celled
• - more than 1 cell

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Cell Theory

• Cell Theory
• 1. The cell is the basic living unit for all
  organisms.
• 2. All organisms are made up of cells or cell
  products.
• 3. All cells come from other cells.

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Characteristics of life (contd)

• 2. Living things are organized
• -molecules -
• - organelles -
• - cells -
• - tissues -
• - organs -
• - organ systems -
• - organism -

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Characteristics (contd)

• 3. Energy Use
• - METABOLISM
• the building up and breaking down of
  chemicals to produce ENERGY
• - autotrophs
• - heterotrophs
• Ultimate source of all energy is the SUN!!!!

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Characteristics (contd)

• 4. Growth and Development
• - growth an organism making more of itself
• - development all the changes that occur as
  an organism grows.
• 5. Life Span

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Characteristics (contd)

• 6. Reproduction
• the process of making more individuals of the
  same type.
• - passing on traits from one generation to
• the next
• 7. Response
• any reaction to a stimulus
• - any change in your environment

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Characteristics (contd)

• 8. Adaptation
• any structural or behavioral characteristic
  that allows an organism to better survive in its
  environment.
• 9. Excretion
• removal of wastes from the body.
• 10. Homeostasis

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Branches of Biology

• Cytology
• Genetics
• Taxonomy
• Botany
• Zoology

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Tools of a Biologist

• Measuring tools (rulers/beakers/flasks/scales/etc)
  
• Computers (store large amounts of data)
• Microscopes
• 1. Simple
• - single lens
• ex magnifying glass

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Microscopes

• 2. Compound
• - 2 lenses
• 3. Electron Microscopes
• a. TEM -
• b. SEM -

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Scientific Measurements

• Scientists use the SI system of measuring
• SI unit of
• length meter (m)
• volume liter (l)
• mass gram (g)
• time second (s)
• by power of 10!!!

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SI System

• Kilo 1000x (K)
• Hecto 100x (H)
• Deca 10x (D)
• -base-
• Deci (-10x) (d)
• Centi (-100x) (c)
• Milli (-1000x) (m)

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SI System

• 24.5 g ___Hg
• .389 dm ___mm
• 439 cm ___dm
• 63.99mm ___m
• 3m ___cm

• 320 Dg ___cg
• 34.8 ds ___Hs
• 6.45 Km ___dm
• 900 cl ___Hl
• 32 Kg ___mg

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Scientific (research) Method

• Observation
• Define Problem
• Research problem
• Form Hypothesis (ifthen)
• Test Hypothesis with a CONTROLLED experiment (
  )
• Record Data ( )
• State Conclusions
• theory or law

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Scientific Method example Spontaneous Generation

• Aristotle - (384-322 B.C.)
• - Greek scientist
• - gave us the theory of spontaneous generation
• - idea that living things arise from non-living
  materials
• ex maggots from meat
• of organisms from dead logs
• rats from rice/soiled rags

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Spontaneous Generation (contd)

• Francesco Redi 1660s (Italian)
• - observed decaying meat
• - experiment
• - meat in 3 jars
• - open/sealed/covered
• with cloth
• - data
• - conclusions -

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Spontaneous Generation

• Anton Von Leeuwenhoek 1675
• - 1 of first to make and use microscopes
• - looked at pond water, etc.
• - 1st to see and describe microorganisms
• - animalcules or cavorting wee-beasties
• - saw of microorganisms increase over time
• support for spontaneous generation

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Spontaneous Generation (contd)

• John Needham 1748 (scottish)
• - used meat broth
• - becomes cloudy when full of microorganisms
• - boiled, then put into 2 jars
• one open, one sealed with a cork
• - data
• - conclusions

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Spontaneous Generation

• Lazzaro Spallanzani 1780s (Italian)
• - recognized Needhams weaknesses
• - boiled broth, then melted mouth of flasks shut
• - data
• - conclusions
• - problem sealing shut made it air tight
  nothing could live without air.

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Spontaneous Generation

• Louis Pasteur 1861 (French)
• - clear broth in long necked flasks
• - heated and curved into an S-shape
• - boiled broth in flasks, moisture condenses and
  collects in curve of flask (traps microorganisms)
• - data
• - conclusions
• - result DISPROVES spontaneous generation

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BIOGENESIS

• Thomas Henry Huxley 1870 (English)
• - BIOGENESIS
• - all living things arise ONLY from other
  living things of the same type.