Gravitational waves from GRBs

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Black holes, gamma-ray bursts and gravitational
waves
Maurice H.P.M. van Putten
Pisa 2003
Edmonton 2004
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Active nuclei supermassive black holes
Biretta et al. 2000
Black holes mass about 3e9 MSolar
Machetto et al. 1997
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Active nuclei stellar mass black holes
Mirabel Rodriques 1992
Black holes mass about 14 MSolar
Greiner et al. 2001
Greiner et al. 2001
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BATSE Group, NASA http//image.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/
science/know_l1/bursts.html
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Vela/Konus (1963-1979)
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BATSE (1991-2000)
BATSE on the CGRO (NASA)
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Cosmological origin isotropic energy emissions
up to 1MSolar
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Beppo-Sax (Italian-Dutch, 1996-2002)
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GRBs with known redshifts
HETE-II
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GRB-supernova in 1998?
GRB980425/SN1998bw (z0.008, D37Mpc)
Clear supernova signature GRB appeared to be
anomalously weak
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GRBs a new class of supernovae
March 29 2003
Clear supernova signature GRB with near-typical
luminosity
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Supernovae of massive stars
A black hole?
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Compact objects out of which no particle or light
escapes (Michel 1794, Laplace 1798)
Black objects in Newtons theory of gravitation
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Maxwell (1879) light described by EM waves with
c3e8m/s Einstein (1915) New spacetime
structure (a) abandon Newtons absolute
space and time, and (b) velocity of light c is
universal
Gravitation in this new spacetime has a new face

• Gravitational redshift
• Black holes (Schwarzschild 1916)
• Rotating black holes (Kerr 1963)
• Gravitational waves

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Gravitational aging of Alice and Bluey
t
distance
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t
distance
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Black holes
Bluey freezes at Schwarzschild radius A
compact and featureless one-way membrane where
light may be absorbed, but from which no light
can escape
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Rotating black holetorus
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Frame-dragging around rotating black holes (Kerr
1963)
Frame-dragging around rotating black holes (Kerr
1963)
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Spin-spin interactions between rotating objects
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Shedding of like-angular momentum
repel
attract
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Magnetic fields facilitate spin-connection to
black hole
Extracting energy through horizon Maxwell
stresses Ruffini Wilson (1975)
weak B accreted onto BH Blandford Znajek
(1977) strong B (force-free limit)
accreted onto BH Van Putten (1999), van Putten
Ostriker (2001) strong B around BH in
suspended accretion
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Black hole-spin coupling to charged particles
B
A potential energy driving charged outflows
Van Putten 2000 Hawking 1975 Wald 1974
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Black hole-luminosity creating a GRB
GRB

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Frail et al. 01
True GRB-energies
Van Putten Regimbau 2003
Where does most of the black hole-spin energy go?
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The three faces of a torus
The black hole needs a partner!
Slowing down black holes
Making supernovae
Making gravitational waves
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Suspended accretion by spin-connection black
hole-to-torus
PSR
PSR -
BH
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Most of black hole-luminosity is incident onto
the torus
Most of black hole-spin energy dissipated
unseen in the event horizon, slowly slowing
down the black hole
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Radiation-driven supernova with X-ray
line-emissions
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Frail et al. 01
Observed energies
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LIGO Hanford site, WA
An ACIGA-LIGO Collaboration
similar LIGO Livingston, LA similar VIRGO in
Pisa, Italy
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Gravitational radiation
Spin-2 waves
Theory agrees with observed orbital decay to
within 0.1 Nobel Prize 1993
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Gravitational radiation from blobs
Both radiate at twice the Keplerian frequency
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Radiation energies
Rotational energy of black hole
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(1/year)
MGRB030329lt150MSolar (current LIGO sensitivity)
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Simulation instantaneous S/N-ratio 0.15
D1
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Simulation instantaneous S/N-ratio 0.15
D1
D2
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Simulation instantaneous S/N-ratio 0.15
D1
D2
D1D2
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Credits
Collaborators Amir Levinson (Tel Aviv) Hyun
Kyu Lee (Hanyang U) Chul H. Lee (Hanyang
U) Hongsu Kim (SNU) Tania Regimbau (MIT-LIGO)
Gregory M. Harry (MIT-LIGO) Michele Punturo
(VIRGO, INFN) Eve C. Ostriker (U Maryland) David
Coward (UWA) Ronald Burman (UWA)
Pisa 2003
Edmonton 2004
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Conclusions
Observations GRBs originate in supernovae of
massive stars this solves the GRB-mystery! The
inner engine of GRB-SNe remains to be observed
Theory GRB-SNe from rotating black holes
produced in core-collapse of massive stars
GRBs produced by spin-orbit interactions to
charged particles along open magnetic flux-tubes
Radiatively driven supernovae produced by
black hole-spin energy through torus winds

We predict Most of black hole-luminosity
is catalyzed into gravitational radiation
(0.2MSolar_at_500Hz) Detection hereof provides
a method for establishing Kerr black holes as
physical objects
Upcoming gravitational wave-experiments (2008-)
promise to be exciting
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first-ever detections of gravitational
radiation observing the Universe in
gravitational waves (new sources, relic waves
early universe,) probing the inner engines
of GRB-SNe observing life the process of
spin-down of Kerr black holes (within one
minute) testing fully nonlinear theory of
general relativity (serendipitous discoveries)
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The end
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Black hole-luminosity by shedding angular momentum
GRB
B
Van Putten 2000 Hawking 1975 Wald 1974
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Questions/discussion 1. Audience Type of
SNe associated with GRBs 2. Ian MCarthur
(UWA) Origin of beaming 3. Igor Bray (IAP)
status of gravity 4. van Putten TeV-gravity
in early universe
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Supernovae of massive stars (Mgt8MSolar)
Chandrasekhar (1931) maximal mass of a
degenerate object is 1.4MSolar Beyond
Chandrasekhar limit, further collapse into a
neutron star (Landau) Supernova explosion by
shock rebounce, or liberation of rotational
energy (Bisnovatii-Kogan 1970)
Exceeding the neutron star mass limit
a black hole the most compact object