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QUANTIFICATION OF SMITHING ACTIVITIESBASED ON
THE INVESTIGATION OF SLAGAND OTHER MATERIAL
REMAINS Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and PetrographyDepartement of
GeoscienceUniversity of FribourgSwitzerland
vincent.serneels_at_unifr.ch
sebastien.perret_at_unifr.ch www.unifr.ch/mineral/arc
hmet
2
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Production line Sequence of technical steps
from the raw material to the finished object.
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
3
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
4
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
5
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy

• Direct method of reduction
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO CO ? Fe CO2

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
6
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy

• Direct method of reduction
• Bloomery process
• Solid state
• FeO CO ? Fe CO2

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
7
The Production Line of the Ancient Iron Metallurgy

• Plastic deformation (hammering / heating)
• Welding
• Heat treatment (annealing / quenching)
• Control of oxydation / carburization

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
8
Smithing

• Smithing depends on
• Quality of the metal

• Physical characteristics
• Compact / homogenous
• bar iron
• Uncompacted / heterogeneous
• bloom iron
• Small pieces
• scrap

• Chemistry
• carbon
• other elements
• P, S, N, Mn, Ni, 0...

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
9
Smithing

• Smithing depends on
• Quality of the metal
• Type of object to produce

• Kind of object
• Simple nail
• Complex composite blade
• iron steel
• Size of object
• Small nail 10 g
• knife 100 g
• axe 1000 g
• Large anchor 10000 g
• Sharpening, polishing, decoration

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
10
Smithing

• Smithing depends on
• Quality of the metal
• Type of object to produce
• Know-how of the smith

• Qualification
• Heat treatments
• - annealing
• - quenching
• Welding
• etc...

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
11
Smithing slags

• Contribution to slag formation
• Hot oxidation
• ? FeO

Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides

• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
12
Smithing slags

• Contribution to slag formation
• Hot oxidation
• ? FeO

Formation of a slag rich in iron oxides

• Related to time / temperature
• Related to the size of the section

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
13
Smithing slags
Formation of a slag with iron particles

• Contribution to slag formation
• Hot oxidation
• ? FeO
• Poorly consolidated metal
• ? Fe

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
14
Smithing slags
Formation of a slag rich in silica

• Contribution to slag formation
• Hot oxidation
• ? FeO
• Poorly consolidated metal
• ? Fe
• Use of flux
• ? SiO2

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
15
Smithing slags
Other elements participate with various chemical
elements

• Contribution to slag formation
• Hot oxidation
• ? FeO
• Poorly consolidated metal
• ? Fe
• Use of flux
• ? SiO2
• Other effects
• ? K2O, CaO, SiO2 , Al2O3...

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
16
Smithing slags

• PCB Plano-convex bottom slags
• Characteristic morphology
• Most typical smithing residue

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
17
Smithing slags

• PCB Plano-convex bottom slags
• Characteristic morphology
• Most typical smithing residue

• 1 cooling structure
• ? Formed between lighthing and extinguishing
  of the fire
• 1 unit of work? 1 day ?

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
18
Smithing slags

• Variability of PCB slags
• Dimensions and weight

As a general rule The weight is proportional to
the quantity of work
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
19
Smithing slags

• Variability of PCB slags
• Dimensions and weight
• Shape

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
20
Smithing slags

• Variability of PCB slags
• Dimensions and weight
• Shape

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
21
Smithing slags

• Variability of PCB slags
• Dimensions and weight
• Shape
• Composition

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
22
Smithing slags
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
23
Smithing slags

• PCB Plano-convex bottom slags
• Weight of PCB quantity of work
• Composition of PCB Type of work
• Assembly of PCBs ? activity of a workshop

Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
24
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
25
Examples of PCB assemblies from Switzerland
Mineralogy and Petrography - University of
Fribourg
V. Serneels, S. Perret
26
Vincent Serneels Sébastien Perret
Mineralogy and PetrographyDepartement of
GeoscienceUniversity of FribourgSwitzerland
vincent.serneels_at_unifr.ch
sebastien.perret_at_unifr.ch www.unifr.ch/mineral/arc
hmet