Trumpet

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Trumpet
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• military instrument
• sounding only one or two notes.
• high acoustical power.
• musical instrument in the Middle Ages
• invention of valves about 1815, the modern valve
  trumpet was created.

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• A variable length instrument
• nearly two metres long not including the variable
  sections
• mouth pipe and flaring bell are conical in cross
  section
• valve section is cylindrical in cross section.

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Section of trumpet (straightened and NOT to
scale)
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• Valves developed/invented 1815-1820
• Piston valves normally used
• rotary valves still used in European versions

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operation

• Air column is excited by players lip reed
• lip vibration synchronises with the vibration of
  the air column (feedback)
• Steady flow would produce NO oscillation
• Feedback from oscillation forces the players lips
  apart at the right time.

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Frequency of operation

• the lowest practical frequency around E3 which
  corresponds to 164.814 Hz
• The highest notes are up to around E6, which is
  1318.510 Hz.

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Closed ended tube?

• Theoretically this is a closed ended system.
• Therefore odd harmonics only
• BUT
• Flared bell forces lower resonances higher
• Mouthpiece forces upper resonances lower
• Harmonics approximate normal harmonic series

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Dynamic range of a trumpet (pp to ff)
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Clarinet
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• Woodwind, as the name implies were originally
  constructed solely from hardwoods but modern
  instruments utilise all materials, from wood to
  plastic and metal
• Use reeds to set the air column into oscillation.
  Either single or double reed

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• woodwind use keyed tone holes to alter the
  speaking length of the instrument
• Clarinet uses single reed made from cane
• The clarinet is generally made from African
  hardwood
• Far eastern origin

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• Several types exist - Alto - Bass -
• The B-flat clarinet has an overall length of
  around 67cm with a 15mm bore
• Bottom 11cm is flared into a bell shape
• Holes along the cylindrical part of the tube most
  of which can be covered by metal covers

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Frequency of operation.

• lowest note possible around D3, which is
  146.832Hz
• the highest note which is around D6 which is
  1174.659Hz.

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Dynamic range for Clarinetpp to ff at 1 metre
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Low frequency sound radiation from Clarinet
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Sound radiation from Clarinet 1500Hz to 3500Hz
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above 3500Hz sound radiation from Clarinet