Omejevanje mednarodne trgovine

1
Omejevanje mednarodne trgovine

• SPS sporazum

2
SPS sporazum

• Sporazum WTO o sanitarnih in fitosanitarnih
  standardih
• Namen ? vzpostaviti
• ?enoten?
• ?harmoniziran?
• ?ucinkovit?
• Sistem delovanja DC na podrocju ukrepov sanitarne
  in fitosanitarne narave

3
SPS sporazum

• Kaj so sanitarni in fitosanitarni ukrepi?
• 1. Sanitary or phytosanitary measure Any
  measure applied
• (a) to protect animal or plant life or health
  within the territory of the Member from risks
  arising from the entry, establishment or spread
  of pests, diseases, disease-carrying organisms or
  disease-causing organisms
• (b) to protect human or animal life or health
  within the territory of the Member from risks
  arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or
  disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or
  feedstuffs
• (c) to protect human life or health within the
  territory of the Member from risks arising from
  diseases carried by animals, plants or products
  thereof, or from the entry, establishment or
  spread of pests or
• (d) to prevent or limit other damage within the
  territory of the Member from the entry,
  establishment or spread of pests.
• Sanitary or phytosanitary measures include all
  relevant laws, decrees, regulations, requirements
  and procedures including, inter alia, end product
  criteria processes and production methods
  testing, inspection, certification and approval
  procedures quarantine treatments including
  relevant requirements associated with the
  transport of animals or plants, or with the
  materials necessary for their survival during
  transport provisions on relevant statistical
  methods, sampling procedures and methods of risk
  assessment and packaging and labelling
  requirements directly related to food safety.

4
SPS sporazum

• Podrocje ocenjevanja/omejevanja tveganj (risk
  assessment)
• DC samostojno odlocajo o tveganjih in ukrepih za
  njihovo preprecevanje
• Razlika v percepcijah tveganj (politicni,
  ekonomski, družbeni vplivi) ?
• Potencialna omejevanja mednarodne trgovine
• Razlicni sistemi, metode ocenjevanja, omejevanja
  tveganj
• Risk assessment / Precautionary principle
• Zato ? SPS Agreement
• Nacelo nediskriminatornosti
• Dvotirni sistem standardov za ukrepe

5
SPS sporazum

• Nacelo nediskriminatornosti / sorazmernosti (2.
  clen SPS)
• Members have the right to take sanitary and
  phytosanitary measures necessary for the
  protection of human, animal or plant life or
  health, provided that such measures are not
  inconsistent with the provisions of this
  Agreement.
• 2. Members shall ensure that any sanitary or
  phytosanitary measure is applied only to the
  extent necessary to protect human, animal or
  plant life or health, is based on scientific
  principles and is not maintained without
  sufficient scientific evidence, except as
  provided for in paragraph 7 of Article 5.
• 3. Members shall ensure that their sanitary and
  phytosanitary measures do not arbitrarily or
  unjustifiably discriminate between Members where
  identical or similar conditions prevail,
  including between their own territory and that of
  other Members. Sanitary and phytosanitary
  measures shall not be applied in a manner which
  would constitute a disguised restriction on
  international trade.

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SPS sporazum

• SPS sporazum uvaja dvotirni sistem dovoljenih
  ukrepov
• Harmonizacijski standard /Avtonomni standard
• 3. clen SPS (Harmonizacijski standard)
• (1) to harmonize sanitary and phytosanitary
  measures Members shall base their sanitary or
  phytosanitary measures on international
  standards, guidelines or recommendations, where
  they exist
• (2) Sanitary or phytosanitary measures which
  conform to international standards, guidelines or
  recommendations shall be deemed to be necessary
  to protect human, animal or plant life or health,
  and presumed to be consistent with the relevant
  provisions of this Agreement and of GATT 1994.

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SPS sporazum

• SPS sporazum uvaja dvotirni sistem dovoljenih
  ukrepov
• Harmonizacijski standard /Avtonomni standard
• 3. clen SPS (Avtonomni standard)
• 3. Members may introduce or maintain sanitary or
  phytosanitary measures which result in a higher
  level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection
  than would be achieved by measures based on the
  relevant international standards, guidelines or
  recommendations, if there is a scientific
  justification, or as a consequence of the level
  of sanitary or phytosanitary protection a Member
  determines to be appropriate in accordance with
  the relevant provisions of paragraphs 1 through 8
  of Article 5.

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SPS sporazum

• Temeljna težava (kot ste lahko ugotovili)
• Avtonomni standard
• SPS forsira harmonizacijo
• Možnost DC, da intenzivno odstopajo od mednarodno
  dogovorjenih standardov, je omejena.
• Beef Hormones
• Article 3.1 imposes an obligation on all Members
  to base their sanitary measures on international
  standards except as otherwise provided for in the
  SPS Agreement, and in particular in Article 3.3
  thereof. In this sense, Article 3.3 provides an
  exception to the general obligation contained in
  Article 3.1.
• Izrazito napeta intepretacija! -? sledi tudi -
  sicer nepravilna odlocitev panela, da je
  dokazno breme zato na toženi stranki

9
SPS sporazum

• Dodatna težava ? kdaj so standardi, ki odstopajo
  od mednarodnih, dovoljeni (poleg
  nediskriminacije)
• if there is a scientific justification
• Ni sporazuma o metodi znanstvene utemeljenosti
• 2 temeljni metodi ?
• Risk assessment
• Precautionary principle

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SPS sporazum

• Risk assessment
• Klasicna, znanstvena metoda
• Znanost kot nevtralni arbiter
• Ni vrednot pri odlocanju
• Širši družbeni konsenz ni pomemben/potreben
• Širok manevrski prostor za potencialne kršitelje
  (multinacionalke)
• Temeljni kriteriji
• Hazard identification
• Dose-response evaluation
• Human exposure evaluation
• Risk characterization

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SPS sporazum

• Precautionary principle
• RISK ASSESSMENT
• Upoštevanje družbenega konsenza
• Upoštevanje preferenc potencialno ogroženih
• Upoštevanje zgodovinskih, socialnih, politicnih
  parametrov
• Ketelson
• Those of us who support the Precautionary
  Principle do so in part because we perceive our
  democratic rights to a clean environment and
  health have been violatedThis technocratic
  process (risk assessment) purports to put the
  decisions into an objective framework but the
  process gives greater power to corporate
  interests and tends to violate individual and
  collective rights to health

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SPS sporazum

• Pomanjkljivost ? odprta vrata za protekcionizem
• Ameriški pogled
• The Precautionary Principle is a nebulous
  doctrine developed by Europeans as a means to
  erect a trade barrier against any item that can
  be produced more efficiently in the United
  States.
• Evropski odgovor
• We do not spend our days in Brussels as some
  might think in Machiavellian plotting to apply
  precaution to the detriment of US businesses
  (Margot Wallstrom Head of European Union
  Environmental Commission)

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SPS sporazum

• WTO seveda ne da dokoncnega odgovora o boljši
  metodi