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Social and Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers

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Social Smile: Smiling elicited by social stimuli; not exclusive to seeing parents ... Goldsmith, Buss, Plomin, Rothbart, Thomas and Chess, Hinde, McCall, 1987 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Social and Emotional Development in Infants and Toddlers


1
Social and Emotional Development in Infants and
Toddlers
2
  • Emotional and Social Development
  • Social Smile Smiling elicited by social
    stimuli not exclusive to seeing parents
  • Self-Awareness Awareness of oneself as a
    person can be tested by having infants look in a
    mirror and see if they recognize themselves
  • Social Referencing Observing other people to
    get information or guidance

3
Figure 3.4
4
  • Mary Ainsworth and Attachment
  • Separation Anxiety Crying and signs of fear
    when a child is left alone or is with a stranger
    generally appears around 8-12 months
  • Quality of Attachment (Ainsworth)
  • Secure Stable and positive emotional bond

5
Mary Ainsworth and Attachment
  • Insecure-Avoidant Tendency to avoid reunion
    with parent or caregiver
  • Insecure-Ambivalent Desire to be with parent
    or caregiver and some resistance to being
    reunited with Mom
  • Contact Comfort Pleasant and reassuring
    feeling babies get from touching something warm
    and soft, especially their mother

6
Secure Attachment
  • Mothers respond more consistently and quickly to
    childs distress and needs
  • Moms show more sensitivity in interpreting and
    responding to infants signals.
  • Mothers express affection more consistently and
    use more affectionate touching, smiling, and
    verbal communication
  • Mothers maintain higher standards of physical care

7
Securely Attachment Children
  • Do better in school and in future achievements
  • Make friends more easily
  • Are more flexible
  • Have more positive peer relationships
  • Have more positive self-esteem
  • Form close relations
  • Are more positive and enthusiastic

8
Less secure attachment is related to
  • More adolescent and adult mental health problems
  • Less persistence at tasks
  • More hostility or over dependence
  • Lack of trust and good social relationships

9
Bowlbys Attachment Phases
  • Preattachment Birth to 6 months
  • Infant send signals to adult for contact,
    grasping, crying, or gazing into adults eyes
  • Phase 2 6 weeks to 6-8 months
  • Signal intensify and focus on caregiver. Still
    friendly to strangers, but respond differently
  • Phase 3 6-8 months to 18 months-2 years
  • More active in seeking and following caregivers.
    Show separation anxiety
  • Phase 4 18 months-2 years and on
  • Infants form reciprocal relationships with
    parents and significant people in their life

10
Figure 3.11
11
Play Years PsychosocialMildred Partens Types
of Play
  • solitary play
  • onlooker play
  • parallel play
  • associative play
  • cooperative play

12
  • Play and Social Skills
  • Solitary Play When a child plays alone even
    when with other children
  • Cooperative Play When two or more children
    must coordinate their actions

13
Definition Temperament
McCall Temperament consists of relatively
consistent, basic dispositions inherent in the
person that underlie and modulate the expression
of activity, reactivity, emotionality, and
sociability. Video on Temperament Goldsmith,
Buss, Plomin, Rothbart, Thomas and Chess, Hinde,
McCall, 1987
14
  • Temperament and Environment
  • Temperament The physical core of personality
  • Easy Children 40 relaxed and agreeable
  • Difficult Children 10 moody, intense,
    easily angered
  • Slow-to-Warm-Up Children 15 restrained,
    unexpressive, shy
  • Remaining Children Do not fit into any
    specific category

15
How Is Temperament Measured?
  • Behavioral assessment
  • Parent interviews or ratings
  • Teacher ratings
  • Direct observations by researchers
  • Assessments of physiological reactions
  • Observation of motor activity and crying
  • Heart rate, cortisol production
  • EEG waves

16
WE KNOW THAT TEMPERAMENT
  • Is present from the beginning
  • Is likely to be strongly influenced by biological
    factors
  • As development proceeds temperament becomes more
    influenced by experience and context.

17
MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TEMPERAMENT
  • Temperament can be modified by experience and
    environment
  • Social behavior is impacted by temperament,
    because of individual temperament and the way
    people respond to childs temperament
  • Psychopathology and maladaptive behavior are
    correlated with temperament

18
Parent Temperament
  • Interplay of temperament, environment and
    experience
  • Effects on parenting style
  • Interactions of parent temperament and child
    temperament

19
Goodness of Fit (Thomas Chess 1977)
  • When a childs temperament and environmental
    demands are in harmony then development is
    optimal (good fit)
  • When dissonance between temperament and
    environment exists, then maladjustment occurs
    (bad fit)
  • Adults should create child-rearing environments
    that recognize each childs temperament while
    encouraging more adaptive functioning
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