ANNOSUS ROOT AND BUTT ROT

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ANNOSUS ROOT AND BUTT ROT Reading Text -
Chapter 12
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Annosus root and butt rot has been a problem
in Spruce forests in Germany for a long time
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It has also been noted as a major problem in
southern pine plantations in the southeastern
U.S. (US Forest Service photos)
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Annosus root and butt rot Factoids 1. Caused by
Heterobasidion annosum (Fomes annosus) -
Basidiomycete fungus 2. Involves Spruce strain
(S), Pine strain (P), Fir Strain (F) 3. Attacks
many conifers and hardwoods - particularly
western hemlock, true firs, spruce (white
wood species), pines, red alder and
madrone 4. Occurs throughout the Northern
hemisphere reported from Southern
hemisphere. 5. Spreads vegetatively through root
to root contact, through root grafts and by
airborne spores (basidiospores). Also produces
conidia but role in spread not known 6.
Produces many perennial fruiting bodies - on
upturned roots, near base of tree boles, under
duff, inside stumps, on downed logs 7. Genets
are small. Could be a number in one tree 8.
Important decay organism in stumps and boles of
old-growth trees in the Pacific Northwest
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9. Symptoms - thinning crowns, decline,
mortality, cones, growth loss, stem decay
in hemlock, spruce and firs. Incipient
decay (dark brown stain) advanced decay (white
stringy rot with black specks Pines tend
to die standing with less stem decay. 10. Signs -
white mycelium, perennial fruiting bodies with
sterile margin (smells like anise) conidia
produced in culture 11. Structural root rot.
Fungus travels many feet up hemlock stems.. 12.
Trees are vulnerable to stem breakage and
windthrow 13. Survives for many years in large
old-growth stumps and boles, 14. Increased by
forest management - thinning in particular.
Spores enter thinning stumps and mycelium moves
to adjacent crop trees can also enter through
stem wounds big thinning wounds a problem 15.
Influences forest succession, biodiversity
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16. Can be managed by (1) silvicultural
techniques - inoculum reduction (stump and root
removal), hemlock rotations lt 80 years (2)
chemical - stump treatment (borax) (3) time of
thinning - in SE USA thin in summer, in northern
Europe thin in winter stumps infected year round
in Pacific Northwest (4) biological control -
stump treatment with Phlebiopsis gigantea
(practiced in Finland) Rotstop, (5) designation
of high hazard sites in SE USA using soil
conditions.
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Konsequenterweise sind für die drei
Intersterilitätsgruppen neue Namen in der
Diskussion, nämlich Heterobasidion annosum
(Fr.) Bref. für die Gruppe P, Heterobasidion
parviporum Niemelä Korhonen für die Gruppe S
und Heterobasidion abietinum Niemelä Korhonen
für die Gruppe F.
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF H. ANNOSUM
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Can For Serv. photo
H. annosum causes decay and stem breakage in
coastall Old-growth forests. Also in true fir
forests in OR and CA.
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Annosus root and butt rot
Perennial fruiting body
Incipient and advanced decay
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Annosus root and butt rot
Stain and decay
Conidia
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Decaying roots with white stringy rot
Incipient and advanced decay in western hemlock
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H. annosum And Armillaria ostoyae can occur
together on one tree. Poor tree.
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Conidia of H. annosum (Spiniger stage)
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DISEASE DETECTION
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Drill used to get wood chips at base of tree
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Detection using tomography in Germany
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POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN SECOND GROWTH
WESTERN HEMLOCK STANDS IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
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Second-growth hemlock stands typically have a lot
of Butt rot at age 80 years.
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Concern that commercial thinning will
cause increased incidence of H. annosum via spore
infection of stumps and wounds
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Incipient decay stain and wet wood on hemlock
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Very pathogenic strain caused windthrow after
thinning Near orting, WA.
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POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH PRECOMMERICALLY
THINNED HEMLOCK STANDS
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Young second-growth stands on the Olympic
Peninsula Have thousands of stems to the acre.
Need thinning, but will this increase H. annosum?
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Hemlock roots are strongly root grafted
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H. annosum infected most stumps in
precommerical thinning. Disease progress was
followed by washing roots and dissecting and
dissecting stems
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THE ECOLOGY OF H. ANNOSUM TEMPERATURE
THRESHOLDS SPORE DEPOSITION AND DISPERSION
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We followed the stand for 20 years after
precommerical thinning Although most stumps and
leave trees were infected H. annosum did not
develop as fast as expected. There appears to be
a natural biological control mechanism involving
stem wet wood and bacteria so that decay does not
develop substantially until trees are Greater
than 80 years old or so.
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Spore dispersion studies at Pack Forest
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• Annosus Root and Butt Rot Management
• Silvicultural treatment stump
• removal, wound prevention, short rotations
• 2. Stump treatment - borax
• 3. Environmental controls cold and warm
• temperatures prevent stump infection
• 4. Biological control Rotstop in Finland
• (Phlebiopsis gigantea applied to stumps)
• Designation of high hazard sites in SE United
  States
• Doing nothing hemlock is generally not treated.

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Powdered borax applied to stump surfaces. Works
well with Resinous species like pines.
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Doesnt work very well on dry hemlock stumps
unless applied carefully. infected stump
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Biological control is routinely practiced in
Finland during thinning operations. Rotstop is
applied to each stump while it is being cut.
Stumps are sprayed Automatically.
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Annosus root rot can be a serious problem of
pines in plantations that have been thinned one
or more times. Loblolly, slash and white pines
are affected most but shortleaf and longleaf are
sometimes infected.

• High Hazard - Sandy or sandy loam soils with at
  least 65 sand in the upper 12 or more inches
  above a clay layer and with no high seasonal
  water table.
• Intermediate Hazard - Silt and silt loam soils 12
  or more inches deep.
• Low Hazard - Poorly drained clay and clay loam
  soils or those with high water tables.

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High hazard soils in black
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