The Urinary System

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The Urinary System

• Created By Jermain Jenkins

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Table of Content

• Function of the Urinary System
• Parts of the Urinary System
• Disorders of the Urinary System
• Reference Page

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Function of the Urinary System

• The principal function of the urinary system is
  to maintain the volume and composition of body
  fluids within normal limits. One aspect of this
  function is to rid the body of waste products
  that accumulate as a result of cellular
  metabolism, and because of this, it is sometimes
  referred to as the excretory system.

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Parts of the Urinary System

• Kidneys
• Urinary bladder
• Renal Cortex
• Hilus
• Renal Medulla
• Renal Pelvis
• Ureter
• Urethra

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Kidneys

• About one-quarter (750-1,000 pints daily) of the
  blood which is output by the heart is sent to the
  body's "filter treatment plant", where it is
  purified by the kidneys and circulated on to the
  rest of the body. One to two thousandths
  (1/1000-2/1000) of the blood flow becomes fluid
  waste and is sent into the bladder for storage
  until it can be conveniently expelled. This toxic
  waste is called urine. The kidneys are located
  about two inches above the body's midline just
  below and behind the liver in the upper abdomen
  and behind the lower ribs. They receive about 120
  pints of blood per hour, even if other body
  systems are shorted.. The "kidney" bean is so
  named because of its resemblance to the shape and
  color of the kidneys.

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Kidneys
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Ureter

• There are two uterine tubes that carry urine
  from the kidneys to the bladder. Each ureter is
  about ten to twelve inches long. Urine flows down
  partly by gravity, but mainly by waves of
  contractions which pass several times per minute
  through the muscle layers of the urethral walls.
  Each ureter enters the bladder through a tunnel
  in the bladder wall, which is angled to prevent
  the urine from running back into the ureter when
  the bladder contracts.

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Renal Pelvis

• The outside surface of each kidney is convex,
  while the side toward the center is deeply
  concave. The resulting middle depression leads
  into a hollow chamber called the "renal sinus."
  The entrance to this sinus is termed the "hilum,"
  and through it pass various blood vessels,
  nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter. The
  superior end of the ureter is expanded to form a
  funnel-shaped sac called the "renal pelvis,"
  which is located inside the renal sinus. The
  pelvis is divided into two or three tubes, called
  the "major calyces" (the singular is calyx), and
  they are divided into several (eight to fourteen)
  "minor calyces."

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Renal Pelvis/ Hilus
Renal Pelvis
Hilus
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Renal Medulla

• The substance of the kidney is divided into two
  distinct regions an inner medulla and an outer
  cortex. The "renal medulla" is composed of
  conical masses of tissue called "renal pyramids,"
  whose bases are directed toward the convex
  surface of the kidney, and which apex to form the
  renal papillae. The "renal cortex" forms a shell
  around the medulla. Its tissues dip into the
  medulla between adjacent renal pyramids to form
  "renal columns." The granular appearance of the
  cortex is due to the random arrangement of tiny
  tubules associated with "nephrons," the
  functional units of the kidney.

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Urethra
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• The urethra is a tube that conveys urine from
  the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
  Its wall is lined with mucous membranes and
  contains a relatively thick layer of smooth
  muscle tissue. It also contains numerous mucous
  glands, called "urethral glands," that secrete
  mucus into the urethral canal. In females the
  urethra is about 4 cm long. It passes forward
  from the bladder, descends below the symphysis
  pubis, and empties into the labia minor. Its
  opening is located above the vaginal opening and
  about 2.5 cm below the clitoris. In males, the
  urethra, which functions both as a urinary canal
  and a passageway for cells and secretions from
  various reproductive organs, can be divided into
  three sections the prostatic urethra, the
  membranous urethra, and the penile urethra.

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Urethra
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Urinary bladder

• The urinary bladder is the organ that collects
  urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal
  by urination. Urine enters the bladder via the
  ureters and exits via the urethra

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Renal Cortex

• The outer layer over the internal medulla. It
  contains blood vessels, glomeruli (which are the
  kidneys' "filters") and urine tubes and is
  supported by a fibrous matrix.

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Hilus

• The opening in the middle of the concave medial
  border for nerves and blood vessels to pass into
  the renal sinus

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Disorders of the Urinary System

• Renal (kidney) failure results when the kidneys
  are not able to regulate water and chemicals in
  the body or remove waste products from your
  blood. Acute renal failure (ARF) is the sudden
  onset of kidney failure. This can be caused by an
  accident that injures the kidneys, loss of a lot
  of blood, or some drugs or poisons. ARF may lead
  to permanent loss of kidney function. But if the
  kidneys are not seriously damaged, they may
  recover. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the
  gradual reduction of kidney function that may
  lead to permanent kidney failure, or end-stage
  renal disease (ESRD). You may go several years
  without knowing you have CKD.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by
  bacteria in the urinary tract. Women get UTIs
  more often than men. UTIs are treated with
  antibiotics. Drinking lots of fluids also helps
  by flushing out the bacteria.

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Disorders of the Urinary System

• Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition
  in men that affects the prostate gland, which is
  part of the male reproductive system. The
  prostate is located at the bottom of the bladder
  and surrounds the urethra. BPH is an enlargement
  of the prostate gland that can interfere with
  urinary function in older men. It causes blockage
  by squeezing the urethra, which can make it
  difficult to urinate. Men with BPH frequently
  have other bladder symptoms including an increase
  in frequency of bladder emptying both during the
  day and at night. Most men over age 60 have some
  BPH, but not all have problems with blockage.
  There are many different treatment options for
  BPH.
• Kidney stones is the term commonly used to refer
  to stones, or calculi, in the urinary system.
  Stones form in the kidneys and may be found
  anywhere in the urinary system. They vary in
  size. Some stones cause great pain while others
  cause very little. The aim of treatment is to
  remove the stones, prevent infection, and prevent
  recurrence. Both nonsurgical and surgical
  treatments are used. Kidney stones affect men
  more often than women.
• .

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Reference Page

• Campbell, C. A., Mitchell L. G., Reece J. B.
  (1999). Control of the Internal Eviornment.
  Biology Concepts Connections( 5th ed., ch. 2).
• Anonymous. (2002). Human Anatomy Online. Retrived
  Febuary 3, 2006 from http//www.innerbody.com/imag
  e/urinov.html