Protection, Support

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Protection, Support Locomotion

• Chapter 34

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• Skin has 4 types of tissues
• 1. Epithelial - covers surface of body
• 2. Connective - tough and flexible protein
  fibers, holds the body together
• 3. Muscle interact with hairs on the skin to
  respond to stimuli
• 4. Nervous helps detect external stimuli as
  pain or pressure

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Skin composed of 2 layers

• 1. Epidermis
• outermost layer, 25-30 layers of dead cells,
• keratin a protein called which protects and
  gives elasticity
• melanin inner layer contains pigment that
  colors skin and protects from sun

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Skin composed of 2 layers

• 2. Dermis inner, thicker portion of the skin
  which contains
• blood vessels
• Nerves nerve endings
• hair follicles
• sweat and oil glands
• subcutaneous fat - various amounts of fat lie
  under the dermis

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• Functions of the Skin
• 1. Thermoregulation temperature control
• 2. Sensory organ pressure, pain, temperature
• 3. Produces essential vitamins Vitamin D
• 4. Protective layer physical and chemical shield

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Skin Facts!
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Skin Injury and Healing

• Epidermis injury fills with deeper epidermal
  cells through cell division
• Dermis Injury bleeding occurs, clots form, scab
  covers site, WBC invade the area to clean up the
  mess
• Scaring occurs due to connective tissue being
  laid down on severe damage/gaps to skin

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BURNS
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Amazing Skeleton Facts Smallest bones are found
in the ear.  Longest bone in the body is the
femur Bones are filled with a fatty substance
called bone marrow In Bone marrow, red and
white blood cells are manufactured and then
released into the bloodstream.    Over half the
body's bones are in the hands and feet The only
jointless bone in your body is the hyoid bone in
your throat.
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Skeletal System- 206

• Two systems
• 1. Axial (green) skull, vertebrae, ribs and the
  sternum
• 2. Appendicular
• (Purple) - arms, legs, shoulder and hip

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• Joints - point where 2 bones meet
• Ligament - fibrous structure that connects bone
  to bone
• Tendon - connective tissue that connects muscle
  to bone
• Bursae - fluid filled sacs to protect
  bones/tendons

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Functions of the skeleton

• Protect internal organs Support -Move
  muscular attachments, levers
• Cells - produce blood cells, store fat
• Storehouse essential minerals, Ca

Did you know that humans and giraffes have the
same number of bones in their necks? Giraffe neck
vertebrae are just much, much longer!
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11/10/09

• Did you know that humans and giraffes have the
  same number of bones in their necks?
• Giraffe neck vertebrae are just much, much longer!

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Bone Tissue

• Bones are porous, these pores contain living
  cells and channels for blood vessels that supply
  the cells with nutrients. The pores make bones
  lighter.
• 2 Types
• 1. Spongy or Cancellous bone tissue
• contains many large spaces filled with marrow
  (storage for marrow)
• 2. Compact or Dense bone tissue
• contains few spaces, it is deposited in a layer
  over the spongy bone tissue

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• Diaphysis-
• Shaft or long main portion, hollow, covered in
  compact bone
• Epiphysis
• Extremities or ends of the bones, bulbous in
  shape to provide muscle attachment
• Metaphysis
• growing portion of the bone
• Articular Cartilage
• Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the
  epiphysis (cushions and protects)

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Types of Joints

• Go to page 931 in your book
• Draw and give an example of the 4 types of joints
• 1. Hinge
• 2. Ball Socket
• 3. Gliding
• 4. Pivot

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Types of Joints

• Gliding - (arthrodia),
• flat articulating surfaces side to side and back
  and forth movements
• (Flex/Ext and Ab/ad)
• 2 planes - biaxial
• Ex carpal, tarsal bones, sternum, clavicle,
  scapula
• Hinge -(ginglymus) - convex surface fits into the
  concave surface
• single plane motion (monaxial) flex/ext
• Ex elbow, knee, ankle interphalangeal joints

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• Ball and Socket - (spheroid) ball like surface
  fits into a cup like depression
• (triaxial)moves in 3 planes flex/ext, ab/ad and
  rotation
• Ex hip and shoulder
• Pivot - twist on each other, C1-C2,
  radio-ulnar joint

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Weird Muscle Facts!

• Flea's can jump 130 times higher than their own
  height. In human terms this is equal to a 6ft.
  person jumping 780 ft. into the air
• Hummingbirds are the only animals able to fly
  backwards
• A cat has 32 muscles in each ear

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Muscular gt600

• Three Types of muscle fibers
• 1. Smooth muscle - involuntary, non-striated,
  blood vessels, digestive and reproductive tract
• 2. Cardiac muscle - involuntary, striated, has
  own electrical conduction system, heart
• 3. Skeletal muscle - voluntary, striated,
  muscles for movement

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• muscle fibers - myofibrils - smaller protein
  filaments either
• actin - thinner filaments
• myosin- thicker filaments
• sarcomeres - sections of the functional units of
  muscle
• ATP supplies muscles in aerobic and anaerobic
  exercises
• Sliding filament theory - actin filaments within
  a sarcomere slider toward one another shortening
  the sarcomere and causing the muscle to contract