Behaviorism

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Behaviorism

• EDEL 413
• CSUB
• B. Gibbons, M.A. Maureen Mattias, M.A.

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Behavioral View of Learning

• Emphasizes that learning is change in behavior as
  a direct result of the outcomes in the
  environment.

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• Positive and negative consequences of behavior
  determine to a great extent whether a person will
  repeat a behavior that led to the consequence.

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• Positive consequences reinforce or strengthen
  behavior while negative consequences or lack of
  positive consequences weaken the behavior.

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Pavlovs Animal Research

• The foundations of behaviorist theory are based
  on animal research.
• Pavlov demonstrated that a dog would reflexively
  salivate upon hearing a bell after he came to
  associate the bell with feeding time.

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Individuals react reflexively

• In the behaviorist model, people react
  reflexively to their environment.
• Cognitive processes are de-emphasized.
• Certain responses can be conditioned by rewarding
  (reinforcing) desired behavior in the face of
  given stimuli. (Positive reinforcement)

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Operant Conditioning

• B.F. Skinner 1904-1990
• The idea that we learn to behave the way we do
  because of how we operate in the environment.

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Behavior Modification

• Animals and humans will repeat responses that
  lead to favorable outcomes.
• They will avoid or suppress responses that lead
  to unpleasant outcomes.
• Used as a management tool, not a means of
  curriculum delivery.

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Humans are trainable with stimulus-response
techniques.

• Stimuli an event in the environment
• Response an action on the part of the learner.
• Conditioning When a desired stimulus-response
  pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual
  is conditioned to respond in a particular manner.
  Hence, learning has occurred.

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Positive Reinforcement

• Maintains or increases the frequency and duration
  of the behavior.

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Negative Reinforcement

• A type of punishment
• that decreases or
• suppresses behavior.

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Robert Gagne

• Psychologist and educator at Princeton and UC
  Berkeley
• Instructional systems design instruction can be
  analyzed and broken down into component parts
  which can then be taught sequentially.

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Instructional Designs System learning involves 9
instructional events.
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Gagne cont

• Identifies five major types of learning
• Verbal information - Learning a new word
• Intellectual skill - Learning to multiply
• Cognitive strategy - Logical reasoning
  understanding how the phases to the moon occur
• Attitudes how one feels about a learning
  activity
• Motor skills tying a shoelace

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Quick Write

• What are some ways the consequences of your
  actions have advanced your learning?

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Behaviorists
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Discuss with a partner

• In what ways might you use behavioral learning
  principles in your classroom?

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Ginott

• I have come to the frightening conclusion. I am
  the decisive element in the classroom. It is my
  personal approach that creates the climate. It is
  my daily mood that make the weather. As a
  teachers, I possess tremendous power to make a
  childs life miserable or joyous.

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• I can be a tool of torture or an instrument of
  inspiration. I can humiliate or humor, hurt or
  heal. In all situations, it is my response that
  decides whether a crisis will be escalated or
  de-escalated, and a child humanized or
  de-humanized.

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Community Circles(Classroom Meetings)

• Popcorn reading