Climate Change and Kioto Protocol

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Climate Change and Kioto Protocol

• How do negotiations on global public goods
  actually happen?
• Joaquín Nieto
• Confederal Secretary of Environmental Departament
  of CC.OO.

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How does it operate de climate change?
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Mediterranean area hotter, drier and variable

• ? Anual everage Temperature 1-3ºC. (inside until
  5ºC). ? Heatwave
• ? Rainfalls 30-20 N/S
• ? Risk of Fires along the whole year.
• ? Agricultural Production up to 40

• Tourism ? Snow in the mountains, ? Sea level.
  Dissapearance. Problems of supply.
• Water ? Water resources. ? Rainfalls snow-water,
  más evapotranspiración less caudal and less
  aquiferous.
• Biodiversity Loss of more than 50 of vegetable
  species in the north and more than 80 in the
  Iberian Peninsula

Dra. Tina Tin (Atenas University) for WWWAdena
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Greenhouses Emission Sources
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Kioto Protocol I

• Interested Groups
• JUSSCANNZ -Japan, USA, Switzerland, Canada,
  Australia, Norway y New Zeland-
• EU
• G77 CHINA
• AOSIS (Aliance of Small Island States)
• Note Evolution from JUSSCANNZ to Umbrella Grop
  Japan, Canada, Russia y Australia, USA.

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Kioto Protocol II

• Ratify (19 Septiembre 2005)
• Entry into force in 16/02/05
• 156 countries
• 61.6 of emissions
• Russia was the last country ratifying the
  Protocol and then the Protocol entried into
  force.
• USA and Australia have not ratificated it.

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Flexibility Mechanisms I
The Protocol defined this 3 mechanisms to lower
the overall costs of achieving its emissions
targets The Mechanisms under the Kyoto
Protocol Joint Implementation, Clean
Development Mechanism Emissions Trading
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Flexibility mechanisms II
Between Annex I Parties

• 1. Emissions Trading
• Provides for Annex I Parties to acquire
  units from other Annex I Parties and use them
  towards meeting their emissions targets under the
  Kyoto Protocol.
• 2. Joint Implementations
• Provides for Annex I Parties to implement
  projects that reduce emissions, or remove carbon
  from the atmosphere, in other Annex I Parties, in
  return for emission reduction units (ERUs

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Flexibility mechanisms III
Between Annex I Parties and no Annex I Parties

• Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM)
• Provides for Annex I Parties to implement
  project activities that reduce emissions in
  non-Annex I Parties, in return for certified
  emission reductions (CERs ).
• Such projects are to assist the developing
  country host Parties in achieving sustainable
  development and in contributing to the ultimate
  objective of the Convention

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European Union

• EU Bubble Fulfillment
• Germany -21 -18.90
• Denmark -21 -0.80
• Austria -13 -8.5
• United Kingdom -12.5 -14.90
• Luxembourg -8 -15.10
• Belgium -7 -2.10
• Italy -6.5 9.00
• Holland -6 0.60

Finland 0 6.80 France
0 -1.90 Sweden 4
-3.70 Irland 13
28.90 SPAIN 15 39.40 Greek
25 26.50 Portugal 27
41.00 TOTAL E.U. -8
-2.9 Details Ap. 2004
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European Union IICommitments of average
reduction 2008-2010 (- 5.2)

• Lituania -8
• Norway 1
• Russi 0
• Switzerland -8
• Bulgaria -8
• Czech R. -8
• Hungary -6
• Letonia -8
• Monaco -8
• Poland -6
• Slovakia -8
• Ukranian 0

• Australia 8
• Canada -6
• Estonian -8
• Iceland 10
• Liech. -8
• N. Zealand 0
• Rumania -8
• Eslovenia -8
• USA -7
• Croatia -5
• EU -8
• Japan -6

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Post Kioto positions

• European Union
• Year 2020 15-20 decreased GHG
• Year 2050 60-80 decreased GHG
• USA and their allieds (Saudi Arabia)
• Contraction and Convergence The future
  entitlements to emit will have become
  proportional to population. The countries Annex I
  must reduced their emmision and the other
  countries could increase them until to get the
  same quantity.

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Contraction and Convergence
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European Union per capita emission
Emisiones per cápita (t CO2 equiv/hab) en cada
estado miembro de la UE en el último año
disponible.Fuente Inventarios oficiales
enviados a la CMCC.
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GHG of Annex I Parties (1990-2002)
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Word GHG emission (Year 2000)
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Word GHG emission (Year 1995)
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Involved Actors

• Social Actors
• Industry
• USA- Europe
• Trade Unions
• Environmental NGO
• Aborigens