PowerPointPrsentation

1
Baryogenesis The
quest for the origin of matter
? 1?
hep-ph/0505103
Tomislav Prokopec (ITPSpinoza Institute,
Utrecht U.)
hep-ph/0410135, Nucl. Phys.
hep-ph/0406140, Annals Phys. 314/2 (2004) 267-320
hep-ph/0312110, Annals Phys. 314/1 (2004) 208-265
Nucl.Phys.B679246-260,2004 hep-ph/0309291
Phys. Rev. Lett. 92061303, 2004 hep-ph/0304088
Phys.Rev.D66043502,2002 hep-ph/0202177
JHEP 0106031,2001 hep-ph/0105295
Collaborators
JHEP 0010030,2000 hep-ph/0003190
Phys.Rev.D576022-6049,1998 hep-ph/9709320
Michael Joyce (Paris VI)
Kimmo Kainulainen (Jyvaskyla, Finland)
Björn Garbrecht (ITP, Heidelberg)
Thomas Konstandin (ITP, Heidelberg)
Steffen Weinstock (Bielefeld)
Michael G. Schmidt (ITP, Heidelberg)
Paris, May 31 2005
2
Contents
? 2?
? introduction
- brief history of the Universe baryogenesis
- observed baryon asymmetry
- Sakharovs conditions
? Baryogenesis at a weak electroweak transition
- sphaleron bound baryogenesis at a weak ew
transition
? how to get a strong ew transition in extensions
of Standard Model
-by adding fermions and bosons with large Yukawa
coupling
? baryogenesis in the MSSM (by CP violating
chargino oscillations and transport into the
quark sector)
? grand unified scale baryogenesis Affleck
Dine mechanism, coherent baryogenesis,
leptogenesis
? conclusions
3
Brief history of the Universe baryogenesis
? 3?
? Inhomogeneous baryogenesis (domains)
? electroweak scale baryogenesis (ewbg)
? Affleck-Dine baryogenesis (bg)
? GUT scale baryogenesis
- thermal GUT baryogenesis
- leptogenesis
- coherent baryogenesis
4
? 4?
NGC 1451 D (98)
Matter star forming region
5
? 5?
Observed matter-animatter asymmetry
The ratio of baryon and photon number densities
-nucleosynthesis constraint, cmbr measurements
(WMAP)

Today in the Universe for each 2 000 000 000
photons there is one baryon (proton or neutron)
There is 412 photons per cubic cm, and only one
baryon per 4 cubic meters
-in the early Universes hot plasma for each 1
000 000 001 particle there are about 1 000 000
000 antiparticles
-asymmetric Universe islands of matter and
antimatter EXCLUDED by hot Big Bang, and HEAT,AMS.
6
? 6?
Baryonic matter and cmbr
baryons increase compression (odd) peaks,
decrease rarefaction peaks
7
? 7?
-nucleosynthesis fusion of light elements from
hydrogen
-D, He-3, He-4 and Li can be measured in old
stars -deuterium (D) measured in old (distant)
dust clouds Hogan
Kirkman et al 2003
Fig. Primordial density of light nuclei
Consequences?
Baryon number is constrained
8
? 8?
Sakharov conditions for dynamical baryogenesis
Sakharov 67
-B violation
-C and CP violation
-disequilibrium
Dimopoulos, Susskind 1981
-1
CPT H (CPT) H
-1
CPT B (CPT) -B
B Tr B exp bH
av
-1
-1
Tr CPT B (CPT) CPT (exp bH) (CPT)

Tr -B exp bH - B
av
9
? 9?
Sakharov
The Installation (Sarov) was a secret city in
the central Volga region of the USSR, where the
thermonuclear bomb was constructed (1953).
Yakov  Zeldovich, Andrei Sakharov and David 
Frank-Kamenetskii at the Installation
In 1953 Sakharov was elected full member of the
Soviet Academy of Sciences, awarded the Hero of
Socialist Labor Medals, a Stalin Prize and a
dacha (villa) in the Moscow suburb Zhukovka. 
Sakharov's drawing of the Tokamak idea (1950),
with explanations added.
10
? 10?
Sakharov
Sakharov became activist against nuclear tests
The Radioactive Danger of Nuclear Tests
The conscience of the contemporary scientist
cannot distinguish the suffering of his
contemporaries and that of posterity. 
Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (Moscow
Treaty),10 October 1963
Cosmology
would it not be more natural to expect the
matter and antimatter to be present in equal
quantities, since the laws of fundamental physics
treat particles and anti-particles in exact
symmetry? 1967
In 1958 Susumo Okubo proposed CP-asymmetry.
From S. Okubos effect at high temperature a
coat is tailored for the Universe to fit its
skewed shape
The opening page of Sakharovs paper (1967)
May 1968 he completed an essay, Reflections on
Progress, Peaceful Coexistence, and Intellectual
Freedom.
published by the Dutch newspaper Het Porool and
by The New York Times in July 1968. 
Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize laureate for literature
of 1970, in 1973 nominated Sakharov for the
Nobel Prize for Peace, and which he won in 1975.
Far in the future, in more than 50 years, I
foresee a universal information system (UIS)
(1974)
11
? 11?
Axial current anomaly
Baryon violation in the SM
Adler, Bell, Jackiw t Hooft
-at tree level fermionic current is conserved
-at one loop the current is anomalous
-left fermionic current is anomalous due to the
non-Abelian nature of SU(2)
L
-baryon number violation is computed by
integrating the baryonic current nonconservation
Manton 1983,Manton Klinkhamer 1984 Kuzmin,
Rubakov, Shaposhnikov 1985 Arnold, McLerran 1987
-B-violating processes are topological (like in
Schwinger model)
12
Instanton sphaleron transitions
? 12?
Belavin, Polyakov, Schwartz and Tyupkin, Phys.
Lett. 59B, 85 (1975)
t Hooft, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 8 (1976)
Manton, Phys. Rev. D28, 2019 (1983)
Arnold,McLerran, Phys.Rev. D36, 581(1987)
At zero temperature the transitions between the
vacua with different baryon number are described
by instantons, whose rate is very slow,
At finite temperatures, the transition rate is
determined by the saddle point of Yang
Mills-Higgs equations (sphaleron). One finds an
energy barreer with
the transition rate
This energy barreer decreases as the temperature
approaches the electroweak transition
temperature. Above the critical temperature the
barreer disappears, and the sphaleron rate is
conductivity driven
13
B-violating processes a toy model

• 13?

Schwinger (toy) model Chiral fermions in 11
dimensions

L ? ? D?, D? ieA
Dispersion relation E ?p fermions of right
() and left (-) chirality
In a constant electric field E, momentum changes
as p(t)p ? eEt
leading to creation of L- and R- fermion pairs ?
violation of chirality
E
E
p
p
?
Dirac sea
Dirac sea
Atiyah, Singer Patodi Theorem, Bul. London Matt.
Soc. 5, 229 (1973)
Callan, Dashen, Gross, Phys. Rev. D 17, 2717
(1978)
?(Level crossings) ? (Chern-Simmons)
Christ, Phys. Rev. D 21, 1591 (1980)
14
? 14?
Baryogenesis above the electroweak scale

produced _at_

- one then finds that _at_
Harvey Turner, 1990
NB2 If baryons are produced at the electro-weak
scale, then B-L, such that BL0.
15
? 15?
Phase transition in the Minimal Standard Model
(MSM)
crossover or 2nd order transition
1st order transition
in MSM for Higgs mass ? 72.41.7 GeV ew
transition is a crossover
Czikor, Fodor, Heitger 1998
Kajantie,Laine,Rummukainen,Shaposhnikov 1995, 1998
LEP evidence for Higgs particle with mass 114
GeV (1.7? )
ALEPH, CERN
sphaleron bound in the broken phase, the
condition
Shaposhnikov, 1987
Arnold, McLerran, 1987
requires a strong phase transition
16
Baryogenesis at the electroweak scale crossover
or second order transition?
? 16?
Kuzmin, Rubakov Shaposhnikov, 1985
? In standard cosmology _at_
Joyce Prokopec, 1998
? Hubble parameter
Guy Moore, 2000



-calculated at the sphaleron freeze-out
temperature
17
? 17?
Phase transition in the MSM (2)
xc 0.10 Higgs mass 72.41.7 GeV
Kajantie,Laine,Rummukainen,Shaposhnikov 1995
x l3 (g3)/g3² y (m3(g3)/g3²)²
1st order transition line
g3² g²(m)kBT.. l3 l3(m)kBT..
18
? 18?
Strong first order transition in MSSM
allowed triangle for the MSSM
Carena, Quiros, Seco, Wagner, 2000
weak transition ???T
strong transition ???T
- color-breaking phase Bodeker, John, Laine,
Schmidt, 1996
R-stop mass
color breaking phase
Higgs mass
19
? 19?
How to get a strong first order ew phase
transition (2)
Recipe add additional heavy scalars and
fermions, i.e. which strongly couple to the
Higgs sector
(a) Use split susy
Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, 2004
-some particles (charginos) can couple strongly
to Higgs (e.g. Yukawa gt 2)
Megevand 2003
Carena, Megevand, Quiros, Wagner, 2004
- The bump is created not by IR scalar
excitations, but by changing the effective number
of degrees of freedom
(b) Use a nonrenormalizable Higgs potential
Grojean, Servant, Wells, 2004
Generated by coupling a singlet to Higgs, or by
dyn. sym. breaking at TeV scale
20
? 20?
Electroweak baryogenesis at a strong 1st order
transition
Moore,Prokopec 95 Moore,Rummukainen
Phase transition dynamics
-at a 1st order phase transition bubbles of
broken phase nucleate
Higgs phase
symmetric phase
21

• 21?

Electroweak baryogenesis at a strong 1st order
transition
Cohen,Kaplan,Nelson 1991
? diffusion ink in water
8 expanding bubbles of higgs phase

8 CP violation on bubble walls
8 B violation in symmetric phase
22

• 22?

Supersymmetry and MSSM
?To each particle of the Standard Model one
associates a particle with a different statistic
charginos neutralinos
NB In contrast to SM, MSSM has 2 complex Higgs
doublet fields
23

• 23?

Semiclassical force and flavor oscillarions of
charginos
Kainulainen, Prokopec, Schmidt, Weinstock 2001
LAGRANGIAN
Fs
? The presence of a propagating bubble wall
(Higgs condensate) induces chargino flavour
oscillations, analogous to neutrino flavour
oscillations.
Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, 2004 2005
?Charginos decay into quarks leptons via weak
strength interactions
? Sphalerons bias production of net baryon
number, which diffuses into broken phase
24
CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (1)

• 24?

Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0505103
(2005)
Baryon production from different sources ?bnb/n?
? chargino oscillations Sa,Sb,Sc
? semiclassical force Sd
? Damping ??wT
? Damping ?0.25?wT
h10
mc
mc
25
CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (2)

• 25?

Baryon production ?bnb/n? as a function of mc
mA
h10
mc
26
CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (3)

• 26?

Baryon production ?bnb/n? as a function
of??c,tan?? mA150GeV
27
ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT FROM MSSM

• 27?

The current measurement bound of the electron
electric dipole moment (EDM)
Regan et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88071805, 2002
The standard model (MSM) value for eEDM (4 loop)
Pospelov, Khriplovich, Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.53638-640,
1991, Yad.Fiz.531030-1033,1991
The standard model (MSM) value for neutron EDM (2
loop penguin)
The MSSM 2 loop Higgs contribution for electron
EDM
28
CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (4)

• 28?

Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0505103
(2005)
black regions mean
Baryon asymmetry from charginos with maximum CP
violation assumed
The current measurements of the electron electric
dipole moment
Regan et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88071805, 2002
constrain the CP violating phase to be lt 0.1,
implying that charginos cannot produce enough
baryons to explain the BAU (unless there are
fortuitious cancellations of the MSSM
contributions to the EDM.
29
GUT scale baryogenesis

• 29?

PERTURBATIVE
-CP-violating out-of-equilibrium decay of
heavy GUT particles
Sakharov Weinberg Kolb,Wolfram Yanagida,Yoshimura
NONPERTURBATIVE
-CP-violating oscillations of a scalar field
condensate
and decay (Affleck-Dine mechanism)
Affleck,Dine 1987 Dine,Randall,Thomas 1995
? oscillations and CP-violating decay of a scalar
field (in-flaton)
-COHERENT BARYOGENESIS oscillations of a scalar
field and decay into fermions that mix baryons
and leptons (GUTs)
30
LEPTOGENESIS
? 30?
Fukugita, Yanagida, 1985
?sea-saw mechanism for neutrino mass generation
??L1 processes decays and inverse decays of a
heavy Majorana neutrino
? CP violation ? in Majorana neutrino decays
? Because of ?gt0 (which is generated by
interference of tree level and one loop decays)
there is a net lepton production in Majorana
neutrino (N) decays.
31
THERMAL LEPTOGENESIS
? 31?
Majorana neutrino N decays out of equilibrium in
thermal plasma at
-
D
D
D
D
?upper bound on neutrino masses, required by
successful leptogenesis (with maximum CP
violation)
Buchmuller, di Bari, Plumacher, 2003
32

• 32?

CONCLUSIONS
The next generation of high energy experiments
(LHC, NLC) will probe the physics of the
electroweak scale, and hence may provide us with
a crucial information on the origin of the matter
of the Universe
New generation EDM measurements will soon probe
much deeper CP violation beyond the Standard Model
In a near future we may find that the conditions
for a successful electroweak scale baryogenesis
are met, rendering thus the electroweak scale
baryogenesis hypothesis testable
33
? 10?
CP violation in Standard Model
FCCC
Cronin,Fitch 1964 Kobayashi,Maskawa 1973 NA48
(direct CP viol.) 1999
Wolfenstein parametrization of CKM matrix
Farrar, Shaposhnikov 1994 Giudice, Hernandez,
Orlof, Péne 1995
CP violation Jarlskog determinant
Ex. PERTURBATIVE DECAY

Konstandin, Prokopec Schmidt, 2003
?we found a new CP-violating quantity, about 7
orders of magnitude larger than Jarlskog
invariant
cf. Jan Smit, SEWM2004
34
? 15?
How to get a strong first order ew phase
transition
Recipe add additional heavy scalars and
fermions, i.e. which strongly couple to the
Higgs sector
supersymmetry MSSM
Kajantie,Laine,Rummukainen,Shaposhnikov
-contains additional Higgs doublet and squarks (a
light stop with a mass )

symmetric phase
- color-breaking minima Bodeker, John, Laine,
Schmidt, 1996
NB
higgs phase
critical temperature
color-phase
- NMSSM models one additional Higgs singlet, or
several singlets
Huber, Schmidt, 2000
i x squark mass
Kang, Langacker, Li, Liu, 2004
35

• 25?

CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM
Cline,Joyce,Kainulainen 2000, 2001
/
-µ,m2 soft SUSY breaking parameters (determine
chargino masses CP )
-yellow shaded regions excluded by LEP limit on
chargino mass
-observed baryon number in these units 8
NB used semiclassical method (WKB) and helicity
(NOT spin) states
36

• 26?

CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (2)
Carena, Quirós, Seco, Wagner 2000, 2002
-get baryon asymmetry about 10 times larger than
Cline et al. 2001
-plot produced baryon number in units of 0.7x
the observed value
NB THERE EXISTED A CONTROVERSY AS TO WHETHER THE
SOURCE CONTRIBUTES AT FIRST (Carena et al) OR AT
SECOND ORDER IN GRADIENTS (semiclassical force)
IN KINETIC TRANSPORT EQUATION
37
CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (4)

• 28?

Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0505103
(2005)
Baryon asymmetry from charginos plotted as
where
Where is the observed baryon-to-entropy ratio
WMAP result (CMBR)
38
CHARGINO BARYOGENESIS IN MSSM (3)

• 27?

By solving the kinetic equation for mixing
fermions, we calculate CP-violating sources
appearing both at first and second order in
gradients in kinetic transport equation.
Konstandin, Prokopec, Schmidt, hep-ph/0410135
(2004)
E.g. for R-handed fermions (in presence of a
planar wall)
WE FIND THAT TYPICALLY THE FIRST ORDER SOURCES
DOMINATE.