Project Director:

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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Project Director Prof. Dr. Tahir
Jamil Researcher (Chemical Engineer) Engr.
Shahzad Maqsood Khan
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
EVALUATION OF SOLUBILITY PARAMETER OF LATICES
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SOLUBILITY PARAMETER
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• It explains the solvency behavior of specific
  solvent towards polymer in numerical values.
• Solubility parameter is the indication of the
  total Van der walls forces which is expressed in
  the solubility values.

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COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• Ecoh CED ?H - RT/Vm
• Where
• ?H Energy of vaporization
• R Gas constant
• T Temperature
• Vm Molar volume
• Ecoh CED Cohesive Energy Density

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COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Cohesive Energy Density
Energy of vaporization
Indicate
Ecoh CED ?H - RT/Vm
Direct Reflection
Degree of Van der Waals forces
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COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITY
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Van der Waals Forces (Inter Molecular Forces)
Vaporization
Solubility
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MISCIBILITY
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
If C1C2
Material 1 with CHE C1
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SOLUBILITY PARAMETER
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• d
• In 1936 Joel H. Hildebrand proposed that the
  square root of the cohesive energy density as a
  numerical value indicating the solvency behavior
  of a specific solvent naming the term as
  solubility parameter denoted by d.
• d (?Hv-RT)/Vm ½
• ?Ev/Vm 1/2
• CED 1/2
• v c
• Where
• ? Hv Heat of vaporization, R Gas constant, T
  Temperature, vm Molar volume, CED Cohesive
  Energy Density

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COHESIVE ENERGY DENSITYDIVISION
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Ecoh Eh Ep Ed
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SOLUBILITY PARAMETER DIVISION
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
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SOLUBILITY PARAMETER DETERMINATION
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM SWELLING RATIO
• Q 1 (w2/w1) 1 ?2/?1
• Where
• Q Equilibrium swelling ratio of the polymer by
  volume
• W1 weight of the network before swelling
• W2 Weight of the network after swelling
• ?1 Density of the solvent
• ?2 Density of the Polymer

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SOLUBILITY PARAMETER DETERMINATION
DETERMINATION OF Qmax
Qmax
Qmax
Fig 3 Graph b/w Q and d to find Qmax for
butadiene binder.
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SOLUBILITY PARAMETER DETERMINATION
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• Q/Qmax exp -a Q (dsolvent _ dpolymer)2)
• Equation can be rearranged as
• Q-1 ln (Qmax/Q)1/2 a1/2(dsolvent _
  dpolymer)
• According to a plot of Q-1 ln (Qmax/Q)1/2
  versus the
• solubility parameters of a series of solvents
  will give a1/2
• and d polymer values from the slope and
  intersection of the
• horizontal axis of obtained line respectively.

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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
SOLUBILITY PARAMETER DETERMINATION
a x-axis value of maximum last point b
y-axis value of maximum last point below origin
(zero). c y-axis value of first point above
origin (zero) d x-axis value of first point
above origin (zero). z a (b c) / d y
z b a 1/2 (b c ) / d d y / a ½
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DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM VOLUME SWELLING
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Veq (w2-w1/?1)/w1/?2
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DETERMINATION OF SOLVENT ABSORBENCY
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Sab (w2-w1)/w1
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DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM SOLVENT CONTENTS
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Seq (w2-w1)/w2 x 100
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EXPERIMENTAL WORK
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• Study the effects of using different initiators
  for latex synthesis.
• Study the effects of using different emulsifier
  for latex synthesis.
• Study the effects of using different
  concentration of the emulsifier for latex
  synthesis.
• Study the effect of different concentration of
  co-monomer for latex synthesis.
• Study the effect of solvent extraction on monomer
  and the products.
• Comparison of the industrial latex with the one
  manufactured in the lab.
• Study the change in the solid contents of the
  product.
• Determination of equilibrium swelling ratio.
• Determination of solubility parameter of the
  binder, latex and the polymer prepared.
• Determination of solubility parameter due to
  dispersion, polarity, and hydrogen bonding of the
  binder, latex and the polymers prepared.
• Determination of equilibrium volume swelling.
• Determination of solvent absorbency.
• Determination of equilibrium solvent contents.

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GRAPHICAL RESULTS
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Fig 1 graph for comparison of solid contents of
butadiene binder, commercial latex and styrene
butadiene binder latex synthesized.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 3 Graph b/w Q and d to find Qmax for
butadiene binder.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 4 Graph b/w Q-1ln (Q max/Q) ½ and d of
solvents to find d of butadiene binder.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 5 Graph b/w solvents vs Q, Veq, Sab Seq
for each solvent to compare effect of each
solvent on Q, Veq, Sab Seq for butadiene
binder.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 6 Comparison for Qmax values of Butadiene
Binder, Styrene Butadiene Binder Latex and
Commercial Latex.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 7 Comparison for d values of Butadiene
Binder, Styrene Butadiene Binder Latex and
Commercial Latex. (Batch 2 4 coagulated).
Fig 7 Comparison for dh values of Butadiene
Binder, Styrene Butadiene Binder Latex and
Commercial Latex. (Batch 2 4 coagulated).
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 7 Comparison for dd values of Butadiene
Binder, Styrene Butadiene Binder Latex and
Commercial Latex. (Batch 2 4 coagulated).
Fig 7 Comparison for dp values of Butadiene
Binder, Styrene Butadiene Binder Latex and
Commercial Latex. (Batch 2 4 coagulated).
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 10 Effect of change in Styrene concentration
on d values and comparison with d values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
Fig 10 Effect of change in Styrene concentration
on dh values and comparison with dh values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 10 Effect of change in Styrene concentration
on dp values and comparison with dp values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
Fig 10 Effect of change in Styrene concentration
on dd values and comparison with dd values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 14 Effect of change in initiator type on d
values and comparison with d values of Butadiene
Binder and Commercial Latex.
Fig 14 Effect of change in initiator type on dh
values and comparison with dh values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 14 Effect of change in initiator type on dd
values and comparison with dd values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
Fig 14 Effect of change in initiator type on dp
values and comparison with dp values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 18 Effect of change in emulsifier type on dd
values and comparison with dd values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
Fig 18 Effect of change in emulsifier type on dh
values and comparison with dh values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
GRAPHICAL RESULTS
Fig 18 Effect of change in emulsifier type on dd
values and comparison with dd values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
Fig 18 Effect of change in emulsifier type on dp
values and comparison with dp values of
Butadiene Binder and Commercial Latex.
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CONCLUSIONS
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• Solid contents of the polymer increase after
  copolymerization reaction.
• Densities of the polymer also increase after
  copolymerization reaction.
• In case of binder the major contribution is of
  solubility parameter due to dispersion.
• In case of Commercial Latex the major
  contribution in solubility parameter is the
  hydrogen bonding.
• In case of styrene binder Commercial Latex the
  major contribution in solubility parameter is the
  hydrogen bonding.
• Change in initiator type does not affect the
  solubility parameter values of synthesized latex
  in comparison with Binder and Commercial Latex.
• Increase in the concentration of the emulsifier
  increase the polymerization rate.

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FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• Cross-link density (Ve)
• Average molecular weight of the polymer chains
  between cross-linked points (Mc)
• v ln (1 v2,s ) v2,s X v22,s Ve
  
• Mc V1 (v1/32,s v 2,s/2)
• Mc - ( 1 2 / F ) V1 v2/32r v1/32m
• v ln(1 v2m) v2m Xv22m
• Mc - V1 dp v1/3s vs/2
• ln ( 1 vs ) vs X v2s
• X Xs XH 0.34 V1/ RT ( dpolymer -
  dsolvent)2

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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY
CHRACRTERIZATION INSTRUMENTS

• Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR)
• Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC)
• Themomechanical Analyzer (TMA)
• Thermogravimitric Analyzer (TGA)
• Diffrential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
• Rheometer

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POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• Polymer Synthesis Pilot Plant
• Injection Moulding
• Blow Moulding
• Pipe Extruder
• Sheet Extruder
• Film Extruder

END PRODUCT FORMATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
POLYMER RESEARCH LABORATORY

• This work is supported by HEC, Pakistan.
• Miss Saba Bahzad Khan (ICET PU LHR)
• Mr. Muhammad Aslam Butt of Reliance Polymer
  Industries Lahore
• Dr. Khurram Khawaja and Mr. Muhammad Tahir Butt
  of Anwar Khawaja Industries Sialkot
• Mr. Ibrar Mr. Naveed of Shafi Reso Chem Lahore

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THE END WITH THANKS TO ALL PARTICIPANTS