Theories of Stuttering Progression

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Theories of Stuttering Progression

• Three Theories
• 1. Bluemel
• 2. Bloodsteins 4 Stages
• 3. Van Ripers Tracks

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Bluemels Theory

• Proposed in 1940s
• Theory

Primary Stuttering
Secondary Stuttering
AWARENESS
Characteristics .simple disturbance in
speech .effortless core behaviors
Secondary behaviors avoidance struggle
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Bloodstiens 4 Stages

• Late 60s
• 4 phases
• Phase I
• Preschool
• Characteristics
• conic (repetitions) symptoms of phase
• tonic (hard contacts and prolongation's- not
  common
• fluent periods- usually episodic
• difficult situations-intensified by variable
  sources of communicative pressure
• awareness does not react emotionally to self as
  a stuttered

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Bloodstein, Phase II

• Early Elementary School
• Characteristics
• clonic-repetitions
• tonic-hard contacts or associated mannerisms
• fluent periods-essentially chronic, may disappear
  briefly
• difficult situations stuteresre primarily when
  he talks fast and gets excited stutters equally
  at home and school
• DISTINGUISHING characteristic
• awarenessthinks of himself as a stuttered
• types of words major parts of speech
• concern little or no concern except in severe
  cases

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Bloodsrtein, Phase III

• Junior High and High School
• Characteristics
• Clonic fully developed stuttering with avoidance
• Tonic see above
• Fluent Periods chronic
• Difficult Situations distinctly more difficult
  in some situations than others and is aware of
  the situations
• Awareness aware and acknowledges as a person
  short coming
• Types of Words feared words and sounds
• Emotional exasperation, avoidance and distrust
  little outward appearance of being troubled

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Bloodstein, Phase IV

• Older
• Characteristics
• Clonic/Tonic same as Phase III
• Chronic
• Difficult Situations vivid and continual
  anticipation
• Awareness serious personal problem
• Fully developed symptomatology with avoidance,
  postponement, starters and release devices
• Definite emotional reactions avoidance,
  embarrassment, fear

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Van Ripers 4 Tracks

• Developmental
• reaction to Bloodsteins unidimensional view
• desegregate grouping
• refer to handout

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Track I, Typical Development of Stuttering

• Previously fluent
• Gradual onset
• cyclic
• long remissions
• good articulation
• normal rte
• syllabic repetitions
• no tensions
• loci first words, function words
• no awareness
• no frustration

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Track II, Cluttering

• Often late, at time of first sentences
• never very fluent
• gradual onset
• no remissions
• poor articulation fast spurts
• gaps, revisions, syllable and word repetitions
• no tensions
• no tremors
• loci first words, long words scattered
  throughout sentence
• variable pattern
• no awareness
• no frustration

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Track III, Shocks and Frights

• Any age
• previously fluent
• sudden onset, often after trauma
• steady
• few short remissions
• normal articulation
• slow careful rate
• much tension
• tremors
• beginning of utterance, after pauses
• highly aware
• much frustration

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Track IV, Purposeful Stuttering

• Later, usually after 4 years
• previously fluent
• sudden onset
• erratic
• no remission
• normal articulation
• normal rate
• unusual behaviors
• variable tension
• normal speech is very fluent
• no frustration
• willing to talk, no evidence of fear

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End of Lecture Notes