PhD

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Diseases Related to Water
Water-borne Diseases
Water-based Diseases
Water-washed Diseases
Water-related Diseases
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  Diseases)
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Water Quality Child Survival
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Microorganisms

• single-celled
• generally microscopic
• include bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses
  
• may or may not be disease causing

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Water Borne Diseases/Pathogens

• Bacteria
• Vibrio cholera - cholera
• Yersinia enterocolitica - gastroenteritis
• Escherichia coli - gastroenteritis
• Shigella sp.- gastroenteritis
• Listeria monocytogenes - flu-like symptoms
• Salmonella sp. - gastroenteritis, typhoid
• Campylobacter jejuni - gastroenteritis (animals
  sources)

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Vibrio cholerae
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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E. coli
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Shigella
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Clostridium perfringens
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Water Borne Diseases/Pathogens

• Viruses
• Polio Virus - paralytic poliomyelitis
• Rotaviruses - gastroenteritis
• Norwalk Viruses - gastroenteritis
• Hepatitis Type A and E - liver inflammation

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Polio Virus
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Rotavirus
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Norwalk Agent
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Water Borne Diseases/Pathogens

• Protozoa
• Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentery
• Giardia lamblia - intestinal disease
• Cryptosporidium - intestinal disease

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Giardia lamblia
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Water Disinfection

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• Cl2 H2O? HOCl HCl
• HOCl ? H OCL-
• Ca(OCl)2 ? Ca2 2OCl-
• Free available chlorine

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Testing of Indicator Organisms

• need an indicator of potential pathogen
  contamination of water which is easy, reliable,
  inexpensive, quick, etc.

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Requirements of Indicator Organisms

• present when pathogens present in water
• absent in uncontaminated water
• present in higher numbers than pathogens in
  contaminated water
• better survival in water than pathogens
• easy to analyze

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Coliform Bacteria - Indicators of Fecal
Contamination

• bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae
• generally include the genera Enterobacter,
  Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Escherichia
• present in the intestinal tract of numerous
  organisms
• gram negative, non-spore forming rods
• ferment lactose with acid and gas production in
  48 hours at 35 C

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Total Coliform Bacteria

• inhabit the intestinal tract of animals
• sources fecal material, soil, water, grain
• some capable of reproduction in the environment
• non-fecal examples include Klebsiella sp.,
  Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp.

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Fecal Coliform Bacteria

• subset of the total coliform group
• separated from non-fecal coliforms by growth at
  44.5 C
• sources fecal material
• capable of limited survival and growth in the
  environment
• primary example is Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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Coliform Sample Preservation

• sodium thiosulfate added to chlorinated samples
• no additives for nonchlorinated samples
• recommended-drinking water samples iced
• required-source water samples iced

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Coliform Sample Holding Times

• drinking water - 30 hours
  40 CFR 141.21(f)
• surface/source water - 8 hours
  40 CFR 141.74 (a)(1)

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Effects of Holding Time on Samples

• coliform numbers may decline
• coliform numbers may increase
• hetertrophic (non-coliform) bacteria may increase
  and inhibit detection of coliforms in the sample

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Coliform Methods
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Approved Drinking Water Methods
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Approved Source Water Methods
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Approved Drinking Water Methods 40 CFR 141.21
(f)

• Membrane Filter Method - total coliforms, fecal
  coliforms, E. coli
• Multiple Tube Fermentation Method- total
  coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli

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Approved Drinking Water Methods 40 CFR 141.21
(f)

• Presence/Absence Method -total coliforms, fecal
  coliforms, E. coli
• Colilert Method - total coliforms, E. coli
• Colisure Method - total coliforms, E. coli

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Membrane Filter Method

• 4 to 5 day test
• metallic green colonies on endo
  medium-presumptive coliform positive
• growth/gas in LTB and BGBB - confirmed total
  coliform positive
• growth/gas in LTB and EC medium - confirmed fecal
  coliform positive
• growth and gas in LTB and growth and fluorescence
  in EC MUG - confirmed E. coli positive

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Membrane Filter Method (Endo agar with coliform
growth)
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Multiple Tube Method

• 5 day test
• growth/gas in LTB- presumptive coliform positive
• growth/gas in BGBB - confirmed total coliform
  positive
• growth/gas in EC medium - confirmed fecal
  coliform positive
• growth and fluorescence in EC MUG - confirmed
  E. coli positive

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Multiple Tube Fermentation Method (Total
Coliforms)
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Fecal Coliform/E. coli Multiple Tube Method -
EC medium MUG
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Presence Absence Method

• 5 day test
• growth/acid in PA broth - presumptive coliform
  positive
• growth/gas in BGBB - confirmed total coliform
  positive
• growth/gas in EC medium - confirmed fecal
  coliform positive
• growth and fluorescence in EC MUG - confirmed
  E. coli positive

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Colilert and Colisure Methods

• 1 day test
• color change in culture media - confirmed total
  coliform positive
• production of fluorescence under 366 nm UV light
  - confirmed E. coli positive

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Colilert Method