UNDERSTANDING FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR THROUGH RECOUNTS AND REPORTS

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UNDERSTANDING FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR THROUGH
RECOUNTS AND REPORTS
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RECOUNTS
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GENRE Text in Context - Purpose Purpose The
recount is used to relate experiences or retell
events for the purpose of informing, entertaining
or reflecting. Recounts can be personal, factual
or imaginative Personal Recount retelling an
activity that the writer has been personally
involved in and may be used to build the
relationship between the writer and the reader
eg anecdote, diary journal, personal
letter Factual Recount recording the
particulars of an incident by reconstructing
factual information eg police reconstruction of
an accident, historical recount, biographical
recount Imaginative Recount applying factual
knowledge to an imaginary role in order to
interpret and recount events eg A day in the
life of a Roman slave, How I discovered radium
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GENRE Text in Context - Organisation

• The genre of a written recount is evident through
  stages or a series of events
• Orientation provides the reader with background
  information needed to understand the text (i.e.
  who was involved, where it happened, when it
  happened).
• Event(s) series of events typically ordered in a
  chronological sequence.
• Re-orientation may take the form of a summary
  statement and / or an evaluative comment and / or
  a return to the starting point.

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Text One Genre Text in Context - Structure
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
orientation in time
events in sequence
orientation in time
events in sequence
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Text Two Genre Text in Context - Structure
orientation
events in sequence
reorientation
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• GENRE Language - Structure
• Simple recounts typically use expressions of time
  and place to structure the text through features
  such as
• conjunctions eg First, Then, Later
• phrases of time and place eg On Saturday, At the
  football oval
• dependent clauses of time and place eg When we
  got home

• As recounts increase in complexity additional
  resources are used to structure the text
  including
• causal / conditional rhetorical conjunctions eg
  However, Even though, Nevertheless
• dependent clauses of cause eg Because he arrived
  late
• noun groups which relate to the topic / subject
  eg Helen Keller, The influence of her teacher
  Annie Sullivan, The Battle of Hastings
• non-finite clauses eg Reading was my hobby.

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• GENRE Language - Cohesion
• The cohesion within a text is achieved through
  the use of reference items
• pronouns and determiners eg she, we, them, its
  (tail), these (papers)
• phrases eg all of these events
• ellipsis eg He went to the door and (he) opened
  it.

• Conjunctions that link across sentences to show
  logical relationships in recounts build cohesion
• temporal - to do with time eg Then, After,
  When, While
• causal - conditional (consequential) - to do
  with cause/effect, purpose eg Although, Therefore

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• Genre Language - Cohesion
• Cohesion can be expressed through vocabulary
  patterns
• repetition eg She travelled to Japan during
  World War 2. During the war ..
• synonyms eg She wrote an autobiography. In this
  story of her life
• antonyms eg Public money was used for private
  purposes.
• collocation (words that go together) eg They
  raised the money to send her to University.
• word sets eg running, swimming, jumping

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• Genre Language Expansion
• Information in a text is expanded
• to form compound sentences using
• linking conjunctions eg and, but, so, or
• to form complex sentences using
• binding conjunctions eg before, after, when, as
• relative clauses eg Adelaide, which is west of
  Melbourne, is the capital of South Australia.
• projected clauses eg I thought that it would
  be, I knew (that) it would happen
• non-finite clauses eg The team, having seen the
  opposition, decided to

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Text One Genre Language - Structure
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
time
time
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Text Two Genre Language - Structure
time
noun group
noun group
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Text One Genre Language - Cohesion
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played
with my brother then I went outside to play with
my friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
pronouns
conjunctions
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Text Two Genre Language - Cohesion
reference items - pronouns
conjunctions
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Text One Genre Language - Cohesion
Vocabulary Patterns
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
word set
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Text One Genre Language - Cohesion
Vocabulary Patterns
words that go together
repetition
repetition
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Text One Genre Language - Cohesion
Vocabulary Patterns
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
linking conjunction
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Text One Genre Language - Expansion
linking conjunctions
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FIELD Text in Context The context for the
Field of a recount may be within immediate,
personal and school experience or beyond
personal and school experience
the continuum of field for a written
recount everyday fieldsspecialised
fields.highly technical fields immediate,
. .beyond personal personal and
and school
experience school experience a recount of an
excursion .. a historical recount of an
excursion the city recount of
the discovery of
radium
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• FIELD Language Noun Groups
• Noun groups give information about nouns (things)
  in the text.
• Noun groups can be expanded by adding information
  before the noun (thing) with
• numbers eg a dozen eggs
• descriptive words eg her beautiful dress
• classifiers eg the federal government
• Noun groups can be expanded by adding information
  after the noun (thing) with a
• prepositional phrase eg the story of the hungry
  caterpillar, the reason for leaving
• dependent clause using a relative pronoun eg
  the woman who rode her bike
• non finite dependent clause eg the shopping
  centre located in the centre of the city

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• FIELD Language Nominalisations
• Nominalisations are used in factual and
  imaginative recounts to pack more information
  into the text and sequence / organise the
  information and objectify it by changing
• processes into nouns eg We solved the problem
  is changed to The solution
• adjectives to nouns eg We thought it was
  possible is changed to The possibility
  intrigued us
• adverbs to nouns eg 'We walked carefully' is
  changed to 'We walked with great care'
• auxiliaries into nouns eg We thought we might
  go is changed to We thought of the possibility
  of going
• conjunctions into nouns eg because she was
  drunk she crashed is changed to The cause of
  the"

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• FIELD Language Processes
• A range of verbs expressing processes are used in
  recounts
• action processes eg read, added, toured, grew,
  laughed
• verbal processes eg asked, told
• mental processes eg thought, needed
• relational processes eg She has blonde hair, She
  is kind
• attributes eg She has blonde hair. He became
  angry.
• possession eg She had 3 counters.
• identity eg He is Australian. He became an
  Australian citizen
• existence eg There were many people

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FIELD Language Circumstances, Dependent
Clauses, Causal Relations

• A range of circumstances and dependent clauses
  are used in recounts
• manner (how) eg with the touch of a feather,
  carefully
• time (when) eg at the age of nineteen months,
  after the weekend, when she arrived home
• place (where) eg behind the door, in the centre
  of the city
• accompaniment (with whom / what) eg by
  ourselves, alone, with a bat

• Causal relations can be used in more complex
  recounts
• verbs led to, brought on
• nouns the result of the floods
• phrase because of the heat
• dependent clause because the flood was bad

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FIELD Language Topic Specific / Technical
Vocabulary

• Recounts will have topic specific vocabulary
• noun groups eg Braille, military hospital,
  suffragette movement
• attributes eg she was famous, she became blind
• verbs eg injected, rallied, toured
• circumstances eg because of the risk of
  infection, due to the drought

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• FIELD Language Direct and reported speech
• Recounts may use direct and reported speech
• direct eg She said, I am going home.
• reported eg She said she was going home.

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Text One Field Noun Groups
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside outside to play
with my friends. We played ball chasey. Then at
night time I watched t.v. After I brushed my
teeth. On Sunday I played with my toys. After I
played Poison ball outside. Then I ate a
watermelon. After I brushed my teeth and I went
to bed.
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Text Two Field Noun Groups
describer
relative clause
classifier
number
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Text One Field Nominalisations
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
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Text Two Field Nominalisations
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Text One Field Processes
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
action processes
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Text Two Field Processes
action processes
mental processes
relational processes
verbal processes
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Text One Field Circumstances
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
time
place
accompaniment
time
accompaniment
place
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Text Two Field Circumstances
time
place
time
place
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Text One Field Topic Specific / Technical
Vocabulary
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
nouns
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Text Two Field Topic Specific / Technical
Vocabulary
verbs
nouns
nouns
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• TENOR Text in Context
• The contexts of the tenor of a written recount
  can range according to
• role taken on by writer
• relationship between writer and audience
• status difference between the writer and audience
• contact with the audience
• level of affect (feelings, attitude and emotions)
  of the author

the continua of tenor for a written recount role
novice.expert relationship
close to the audience ..distant to the
audience status equal status ....great
difference in status contact lots of contact
little contact with the audience affect
emotional expression.little emotional
expression a recount written for a friend
a recount written about a
terrible evening
for official records
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TENOR Language Speech Functions Speech
functions (statements, questions, offers and
commands) Recounts typically use direct
statements eg It was a lovely day. On the
weekend we went to the Show. Its a nice scarf.
Direct or reported speech within a recount may
use indirect statements through questions eg He
said, Where did you get that scarf! (instead
of He said, Its a nice scarf.)

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• TENOR Language Modality
• Recounts may use modalities of certainty
• auxiliaries eg might, could, will
• adverbs eg maybe, probably, certainly
• mental processes eg I believe, Loggers think
• noun groups / nominalisations eg The strong
  belief is, There is a possibility of
• Recounts may use modalities of frequency
• adverbs eg once, always, occasionally,
  regularly, commonly
• phrases eg for the most part
• verbs eg tend to
• adjective eg common
• noun regularity

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TENOR Language Modality

• Recounts may use modalities of obligation
• auxiliaries eg must, should, have to
• verbs eg compelled
• nouns eg compulsion
• Recounts may use modalities of inclination
• auxiliaries eg like, want, wish, prefer
• verbs eg prefer, willing, intended, thought I
  would
• nouns eg preference, willingness, intention
• adjective keen, reluctant

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• Recounts may express feelings and attitude
• appreciation the evaluation of objects and
  products eg Thats a lovely scarf.
• judgement the evaluation of human behaviour
  eg Shes a caring person.
• affect emotional responses eg I hate
  chocolates.
• expressed through the resources of
• adjectives eg she was fast, it was fantastic,
  his outstanding portrayal, the horrific crash
• verbs eg I liked his work, She overcame her
  difficulties
• adverbs eg fortunately, luckily
• noun groups eg With courage
• similes metaphors eg as slow as like a snail,
  he was a pillar of his community
• words from other languages eg it was very chic
• the ways we name people eg Ms, mate, buddy

TENOR Language Feelings and Attitude
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TENOR Language Humour, idioms, colloquialisms

• Recounts may contain humour, idioms,
  colloquialisms
• humour
• idioms eg It is raining cats and dogs.
• colloquialism eg Ill shout you a drink.
• euphemism eg He passed away.
• sarcasm eg What a lovely effort.

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Text One Tenor Language Speech Functions
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
direct statements
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Text Two Tenor Language Speech Functions
direct statements
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Text One Tenor Language Modality
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
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Text Two Tenor Language Modality
obligation
certainty
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Text One Tenor Language Feelings and Attitude
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
names
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Text One Tenor Language Feelings and
Attitudes
judgement
names
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• MODE Text in Context
• The contexts of the mode of a written recount can
  include the
• most spoken like (as in a personal diary)
• most written like (as in a recount in legal
  proceedings)
• use of communication technology (can vary
  according to face to face, phone, radio)

the continua of mode for a written recount most
spoken....most written personal
diary. a written recount for

legal proceedings a recount
written .news story on radio in an
email to a friend

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• MODE Language - Foregrounding
• Sentence - level foregrounding
• human
• personal pronouns eg I left at .., We walked
• proper names eg Helen Keller was born
• collective terms The people
• phrases eg Some groups decided to
• non human
• pronouns eg It was ..
• noun groups eg The dog barked..,
• generalisations / abstractions eg Light filled..
• circumstances and dependent clauses
• manner (how) eg With the touch of a feather,
  Carefully

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• MODE Language - Coherence
• Text level coherence is the
• link between the introduction, topic sentences
  and conclusion
• the abilities of the introduction to predict the
  whole text and of the topic sentences to predict
  the focus the paragraph.
• the ability of the introduction and topic
  sentences to capture the attention of the
  audience
• the synthesis of ideas in the conclusion

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• MODE Language - Tense and Voice
• The tenses within a recount may be
• primary past tense is used as the action/event
  is already completed eg I read, we added
• secondary present perfect, past perfect, past
  continuous are also used in recounts eg She had
  been there She was walking
• The voice within a recount may be
• active voice which emphasises the doer of the
  action eg The heavy rainfall led to some minor
  flooding.
• passive voice which emphasises the done to or
  receiver of the action, by putting it at the
  front and adds an air of authority/factuality to
  the text, eg
• The car was driven at speeds of up to 150 kph.
• The liquid was heated in the text-tube.
• The battle was lost.

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• MODE Language - Print Conventions and Layout
• handwriting
• abbreviations
• representing sounds with letters
• spelling link to pronunciation and visual
  patterns, spelling common and uncommon words,
  using prefixes and suffixes
• punctuation capitals, fullstops, question marks,
  commas, speech marks, apostrophes, semicolons,
  dashes, links to intonation

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Text One Mode - Foregrounding
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
time
human elements
time
conjunctions human elements
time
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human Some groups, Most other groups,
She non-human That
Text One Mode - Foregrounding
time
conjunctions human elements
human elements
human elements
conjunctions human elements
human elements
conjunctions human elements
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Text One Mode - Coherence
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
topic sentence
topic sentence
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Text Two Mode - Coherence
Introduction
topic sentence
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Text One Mode Tense and Voice
On Saturday I went shopping. After I played with
my brother then I went outside to play with my
friends. We played ball chasey. Then at night
time I watched t.v. After I brushed my teeth.
On Sunday I played with my toys. After I played
Poison ball outside. Then I ate a watermelon.
After I brushed my teeth and I went to bed.
primary tense simple past
primary tense simple past
active voice
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Text Two Mode Tense and Voice
primary tense simple past
active voice
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Text One Mode Print Conventions
handwriting spelling punctuation commas fullstops
capitals
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Text Two Mode Print Conventions
spelling , punctuation
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information report genre
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Information report field
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Information report tenor
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information report mode