Respiratory tract diseases

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Respiratory tract diseases

• What happens to nostril lining of smokers?
  Metaplasia

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Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

• Sinusitis
• nasal congestion blocking the openings to sinuses
• Otitis Media
• Middle Ear infection
• Tonillitis
• Inflamed and enlarged tonsils
• Laryngitis
• Inability to talk audibly

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Lower Respiratory tract infections

• Pneumonia
• Bronchi and alveoli filled with fluid
• Pulmonary tuberculosis
• Pulmonary fibrosis
• Vital capacity reduced (occupational disease)

• Bronchitis
• Inflamed and mucus filled airways
• Emphysema
• Distended and damaged alveoli
• Asthma
• Lung Cancer

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Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis
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Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Asthma
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The secret of Muscle contraction

• It takes two (pair of muscles) to make you smile
  ?!! but numerous to make you frown

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Types of Muscles

• Smooth muscle - controlled by the autonomic
  nervous system may either be generally inactive
  and then respond to neural stimulation or
  hormones or may be rhythmic
• Cardiac muscle - found in the heart, acts like
  rhythmic smooth muscle, modulated by neural
  activity and hormones
• Skeletal muscle - move us around and responsible
  for most of our behavior most attached to bones
  at each end via tendons

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Muscle fibers/cells
Blood capillary
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About Muscle fibers

• You have 650 different muscles in your body
• Fascia connective tissue extends to become
  tendon
• Fascicles Bundles of muscle fibers
• Fascicles contain many contractile elements
  called Myofibrils
• Structural units of myofibrils include
  Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin) and Sarcomere
• Other proteins Tropomyosin and Troponin

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Movement

• Flexion - contraction of flexor muscles, drawing
  in of a limb
• Extension - opposite of flexion, produced by
  contraction of extensor muscles (antigravity)

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Muscle Fibers

• Muscle contains bundles of muscle fibers
• A muscle fiber is a single cell
• Each cell contains myofibrils
• Sarcomere is the contractile unit

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Connections

• Tendons Connects muscles to bones
• 1) Attaches Muscle to Bone2) Transmission of
  Forces Produced by Muscle3) Result MOTION
• Ligaments Connect Bone to Bone.1) Enhance
  Joint Stability2) Guide Joint Motion3) Prevent
  Excessive Motion in the Joint

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Joints

• Joints are places where bones meet
• There are over 100 joints in your body
• Joints allow movement
• There are 3 different types of jointsImmovable,
  Partially movable and Synovial
• Ball and Socket (hip and shoulders)
• Hinge joint (knees and elbow)
• Gliding joint (wrist and foot)

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Sarcomere as units of contraction

• 2.5 mm in length
• gt1000 in each muscle cell

Thick filaments
Thin filaments
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Muscular Contraction

• Neuromuscular junction
• Motor endplates
• Acetylcholine
• Single impulse produces single twitch, need
  series of action potentials to produce a
  sustained contraction of the muscle fiber

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Muscular contraction

• Plasma membrane Sarcolemma, Cytoplasm
  Sarcoplasm, ER Sarcoplasmic reticulum
• T (Transverse system) Sarcolemma forms T
  tubules that dip into the cell, just touch but do
  not stick!
• SR encases numerous myofibrils (contractile
  portions)

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Contracting structures

• Sarcomere in between two dark Z lines
• Comprises two protein myofilaments Actin and
  Myosin
• I Band light colored only actin filaments
  attached to Z line
• A Band dark colored overlapping actin and
  myosin filaments
• H Zone only myosin filaments

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Sliding filament model
Relaxed state
Contraction
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Contraction
Nerve Impulse from neuromuscular junction
Requires Calcium released by sarcoplasmic
reticulum
T tubule
Muscle fiber contracts
Myofibrils shorten Sarcomere shortens
Actin (thin) filament slide past Myosin (thick)
filament
ATP provides energy for contraction
I band shortens
H zone disappears
Muscles contract Movement
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Chemistry of Muscle Contraction

• Tropomyosin is wound over Actin filament and
  Troponin occurs at intervals along the threads.
• Troponin Calcium (from SR)
• Tropomyosin thread shifting
• Exposure of Myosin binding sites

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Pull, Pull, Pull!
Thick filaments
Thin filaments
Sarcomere
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Things to remember

• Acetyl choline (Ach) is the neuro enzyme that
  brings the signal from nerve cells to muscle
  cells triggering them to contraction

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Allosteric Change

• A change in the shape of a molecule
• Change shape when energy is available in the form
  of ATP

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The ATP Superman
Thick
Thin
Allosteric change
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ATP powers muscle contraction

• Myosin breaks down ATP to form ADP
• Each cycle induces allosteric change
• Up to 5 cycles per second in human muscle