ARTICULATIONS DEFINITION

1
ARTICULATIONS - DEFINITION

• any point of joining between
• bones
• bones and cartilage
• bone and teeth
• cartilages
• strength versus movement

2
ARTICULATIONS - STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

• Bony fusion
• synostosis
• Fibrous joint
• no joint cavity
• Cartilaginous joint
• no joint cavity
• Synovial joint
• synovial cavity

3
ARTICULATIONS - FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

• Synarthrosis
• immovable joint
• Amphiarthrosis
• slightly moveable
• Diarthrosis
• freely moveable

4
FIBROUS JOINT

• 1. Suture
• bones of skull
• thin layer of dense connective tissue early

5
FIBROUS JOINT

• 2. Gomphoses
• periodontal ligament
• articulation of tooth in its bony socket

6
FIBROUS JOINT

• 3. Syndesmoses
• greater amount of connective tissue than a suture
• fibers called __________
• examples
• distal articulation between tibia and fibula
• articulation between shafts of ulna and radius

7
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

• 1. Synchondrosis
• held by _________ cartilage
• examples
• epiphyseal plate
• costal cartilage between ribs and sternum

8
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

• 2. Symphysis
• held by _______________
• examples
• symphysis pubis
• intervertebral discs
• menisci

9
SYNOVIAL JOINT

• Components
• articular cartilage
• ___________ cartilage
• contains thin collagenous fibers - weeping
  lubrication
• articular capsule
• a. fibrous connective tissue
• connects to the _______________

10
SYNOVIAL JOINT

• b. synovial membrane
• _________ connective tissue
• produces synovial fliud
• __________ acid and _________
• provides lubrication and nourishment
• shock absorber
• knee - 3 to 4 ml

11
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES NOT PART OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

• 1. Bursae
• small sacs filled with synovial fluid
• found between bone and skin, between tendons and
  bone, muscles and bone, ligaments and bone
• bursitis
• inflammation of bursa

12
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES NOT PART OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

• 2. Tendon sheath
• where tendons cross joints
• cylindrical double synovial sac
• tendinitis - inflammation of tendon sheath

13
ACCESSORY STRUCTURESKNEE JOINT

• Extracapsular ligaments
• popliteal -- prevents hyperextension
• collateral -- medial and lateral
• prevents knee from rotating when joint is
  extended
• Intracapsular ligaments
• anterior and posterior cruciates
• stabilized knee when rotating
• Intracapsular Cartilage
• fibrocartilage -- medial and lateral menisci

14
MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Elevation and Depression
• Protraction and Retraction

15
MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 5. Lateral and Medial Excursion
• biting and chewing
• 6. Circumduction
• 7. Rotation
• 8. Supination and pronation

16
MOVEMENTS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 9. Opposition and Reposition
• 10. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
• Dorsiflexion -- raise toes
• Plantar flexion -- standing on toes
• 11. Inversion and Eversion

17
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 1. Nonaxial or gliding
• between flat surfaces
• examples
• articular surfaces of vertebra
• between intercarpals and intertarsals
• sternoclavicular joint

18
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 2. Pivot -- only rotation
• 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae
• proximal articulation between radius and ulna

19
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 3. Hinge
• only flexion and extension
• elbow, toes, knee
• joints between phalanges of fingers and toes

20
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 4. Condyloid or ellipsoid
• one surface is concave and one surface is convex
• examples
• radius and carpals
• occipital condyles and atlas
• metacarpophalangeal joints
• metatarpophalangeal joints

21
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 5. Saddle
• each surface is convex and concave
• thumb -- carpometacarpal joint

22
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 6. Ball and socket joints
• all movements
• examples
• shoulder
• hip