Inflammation and Immune response

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Inflammation and Immune response

• Jerry Axsom
• HM2/ NREMT-P

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• Purpose of Inflammation and immunuty
• to protect the body from micro-organisms

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• Invading cells and micro organisms are foreign
  proteins called Antigens

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• The bone marrow is the source of all blood cells
• Including the cells of the immune system
• They are formed there and released into the blood
  stream

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• Bone marrow cells start out as stem cells, then
  mature into specific cells
• The immune system cells start are white blood
  cells or leukocytes

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• The immune process requires 3 responses
• 1.) inflammation
• 2.) antibody-mediated immunity( humoral immunity)
• 3.) cell- mediated immunity

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Inflammation

• It is immediate
• It offers short-term protection
• It is a non-specific defence

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• Inflammation differs from antibody- mediated
  immunity and cell- mediated immunity in several
  ways
• Inflammation can occur without infection
• Infection is usually accompanied by inflammation

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Cells involved in inflammation

• Leukocutes involved in inflammation
• Neutrophils
• Macrophages
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

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Neutrophils

• ACCOUNT FOR 67 Of WBC
• Function phagocytosis of foreign protiens
• Mature neutrophils are called segs, polys
• Immature neuts are called bands, stabs

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Neutrophils

• Neuts are the first line of defence
• Neuts take about 12-14 days to mature
• Only live about 12-18 hrs
• Only take part in one episode of phagocytosis

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Neutrophils

• A left shift in the WBC refers to an increase in
  immature neuts
• It also refers to a bacterial infection

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Monocytes

• 3 of WBC
• When matured they are called Macrophages
• Can live for months to years
• Can be involved in multiple episodes of
  phagocytosis

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Eosinophils

• 1.5 of WBC
• Main function to release chemicals which control
  inflammation
• Elevated in allergic reactions/ parasitic
  infections

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Basophils

• .5 of WBC
• Responsible for s/s of inflammation

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Phagocytosis

• 1.) exposure
• 2.) attraction
• 3.) adherence
• 4.) recognition
• 5.) cellular ingestion
• 6.) phagosome formation
• 7.) degration

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Stages of inflammation

• Manifestations of inflammation
• Warmth
• Redness
• Swelling
• Pain
• Decreased function

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Stage 1

• Phase 1- rapid short term blood vessel
  constriction
• Phase 2- vascular (blood vessels)
• Increased blood flow to area
• Increased capillary permeability
• s/s warmth, redness, swelling, pain

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Stage 2

• Cellular exudate stage
• Formation of exudate (pus)
• Most active WBC in this stage are the NEUTS
• NEUTS attack and destroy foreign substances

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Stage 3

• Tissue repair and replacement stage

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Antibody- mediated immunity(humoral immunity)

• Involves antigen- antibody interaction to destroy
  foreign protiens
• The leukocyte with the most active role in
  humoral immunity is the B- lymphocyte

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B- lymphocyte

• Fromed from stem cells in the bone marrow
• Released into the blood
• Mature in the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and
  intestinal tract

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Acquiring immunity

• Immunity can be natural or acquired

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Adaptive (acquired ) immunity

• Can be active or passive
• Can be natural or artificial

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Active

• From our own antibodies
• Can be natural or artifical
• Long term immunity

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Active

• Natural/ active active- antigen/ antibody
  response
• Ex person has measles

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Active

• Artificial/ active
• active- antigen/antibody response
• Ex vaccine for measles

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Passive

• Natural/ passive mother to fetus
• Artifical/ passive antibodies are injected
• Ex tetnus shot

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Cell mediated immunity

• Lymphocytes 28 of WBC
• shift to right viral infection
• main lymp T-lymp
• Cell mediated immunity involves the ability to
  differentiate self from non self

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Cell mediated immunity

• Natural killer cells destroy cells from other
  people or animals. This results in rejection of
  transplanted organs/ tissues
• These people need to take immunosuppressants or
  anti rejection meds

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Connective tissues

• Connective tissue disorders are auto immune
  disorders that cause chronic pain, loss of
  function, and are crippling

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Osteoarthritis

• Noninflammatory
• Non systemic
• Not auto immune
• Joints lose cartilage and rub on each other, may
  have bone sours, or subluxation (dislocation)
• Also have crepitus
• Or ballottment floating patella

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OA

• Total hip
• most common joint replaced
• can last about 20 years

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Most common connective tissue disease and is most
  destructive to joints

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RA

• Chronic, progressive, systematic, inflammatory
  auto immune disease
• Antibodies (RFs) are formed and attack healthy
  tissue

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RA

• RA is caused by a combination of genetic and
  environmental factors not clearly understood
• With RA you usually feel better with activitry
  unlike OA
• Pattern of joint involvement is typically
  bilateral and symmetric
• Pain, decreased ROM, joints feel like jelly

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Lupus erythematosus

• Discoid lupus erythematosus(DLE) butterfly rash
  on face
• SLE- chronic, progressive, inflammatory
  connective tissue disorder that attacks major
  body tissues

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Gout

• Systemic disease which urate crystals deposit in
  the joints causing inflammation
• Primary gout most common, an end product of this
  metabolism is uric acid, which is usually
  excreted by the kidneys
• The acid is deposited in the synovium

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Fibromyalgia

• Chronic pain syndrome, not inflammatory disease
• Unknown what causes disease, though to be a
  dysfunction in the brain r/t pain center