Integrated Air Quality

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BAQ-2004 AGRA
Integrated Air Quality Management In India
Dr. V. Rajagopalan Chairman
Central Pollution Control Board India
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Contents

• Air Quality Concerns
• Current Status of AQM
• Air Quality trends
• Thrust Areas
• Way Forward

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Air Quality Concerns

• METROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS
• 53 non-attainment cities
• Dominant Sources Vehicular Emissions,
  Small/Medium Scale Industries, Gensets, Biomass
  burning, etc.
• Pollutants NOx, SPM/RSPM CO
• CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS
• 24 critically polluted areas
• Dominant Sources Industries-Power Plants,
  Refineries, Chemical Plants, etc.)
• Pollutants NOx ,SPM/RSPM, SO2 VOCs, PAHs, etc.
• RURAL AREAS
• Indoor air pollution Use of Biomass, Coal,
  kerosene, etc.
• Outdoor air pollution Unpaved roads, Biomass
  burning, Gen-sets etc.
• Pollutants SPM/RSPM, CO, etc.

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Current Status of AQM

• Institutional Mechanism
• Assessment of Air Quality
• Monitoring
• Emission Inventory
• Source Apportionment
• Air Pollution Exposure Health Impacts
• Control Strategies
• City Specific AQM Action Plans

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Institutional Mechanism

• Central Level
• Ministry of Environment Forests
• Central Pollution Control Board
• Environment Pollution Control Authority
• Ministry of Petroleum Natural Gas
• Ministry of Road Transport Highways
• Other Central Ministries/Agencies
• RD Centers other Institutions
• State Level
• Department of Environment
• Pollution Control Board/Committees
• Local Bodies/Authorities

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Assessment of Air Quality

• Air Quality Monitoring
• 295 NAMP monitoring stations
• 200 (approx.) continuous monitoring stations
  (Industries)
• Parameters monitored-SO2, NO2,SPM,RSPM, CO, Pb
• Monitoring Agencies CPCB, SPCB, Institutes,
  Industries
• Emission Inventory
• Studies confined to major industries vehicular
  emissions
• Source Apportionment
• Kanpur Mumbai by NEERI Delhi, Mumbai Kolkata
  by World Bank
• Health Impact Study
• Health impacts of CO AII
  MS
• Health impacts of RSPM other carcinogens
  CNCRI
• Impacts on respiratory system lung function
  among Children of Delhi Kolkata
  CNCRI
• Health impacts of Asbestos ITRC
• Health impacts of Lead BARC

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Emission Inventory
SPM LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY) Without Control
Device
SPM LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY) With Control
Device
SO2 LOAD FROM INDUSTRIES (T/DAY)
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Emission Inventory (Contd..)
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Control Strategies Adopted

• Air Quality Standards notified (1982 1994) and
  Air Pollution Control areas declared
• Emission Standards notified for Industries (,
  Vehicles (in-use new), Gensets, etc.
• Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline
  diesel).
• Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out
  older polluting vehicles, introduction of mass
  rapid transportation, etc.
• Road map for control of emissions from new and
  in-use vehicles developed up to year 2010
• Use of Alternate fuel (CNG,LPG,Ethanol petrol,
  Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)

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Gasoline Benzene Reduction Programme in India
1 in NCT Mumbai
Gasoline Lead Phase-out Programme In India
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Vehicle Emission Norm Schedule In India
Euro-III (Country) Euro-IV (11 cities)
2010
Euro-II (Country) Euro-III (11 cities)
2005
Euro-I equivalent (Country) Euro-II eqv. For cars
(4 metros)
2000/01
2nd set norms notified
1996
Sulphur 0.25 Entire Country
Emission norms for catalytic vehicles
Sulphur 0.05 11 cities
1995
1st set norms notified
1990
Diesel Sulphur Reduction Programme
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EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW PASSENGER
CARS
EMISSION REDUCTIONS ROAD MAP FOR NEW (HDV)
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IMPACT OF INTERVENTIONS ON AIR QUALITY OF DELHI
(1996 Vs. 2003)
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Control Strategies Adopted (contd..)

• CREP developed for 17 categories of industries
• Specific control strategies for major industries
• Initiatives for small scale sector
• City specific AQM action plans

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Industry Specific Control Strategies

• THERMAL POWER PLANT
• Ash utilization time frame laid down (26
  utilization)
• Enforcement of PM Emission Standards (70
  compliant)
• Mandatory use of beneficiated coal
• Promotion of clean coal technologies. (FBC, PFBC,
  IGCC, etc.)
• Tall stack dispersion

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Air Pollution Due to Use of Coal in Thermal Power
Plants
Source CEA/NTPC
Use of clean coal technologies (Super Critical
,IGCC, PFBC, CFBC, etc.) to be promoted based on
location specific requirements.
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Promotion of Use of Beneficiated Coal in Thermal
Power Plants

• Thermal power Plants located 1000 km from pit
  head shall use beneficiated/ blended coal not
  containing ash more than 34 ( ann. Average)
  w.e.f. June 2002
• 39 Plants need to use beneficiated/ blended
  coal
• 17 plants have taken initiative
• Existing coal washing capacity is 13 of total
  raw coal production

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REVIEW OF STACK HEIGHT REGULATIONS FOR COAL BASED
THERMAL POWER PLANTS

• Country divided into four (04) zones based on
  Mixing heights. (Zone-Ilt200 m, Zone-II 200-250 m,
  Zone-III 250-300 Zone-IV gt 300m).
• Proposed Minimum Stack Height Regulations
•  A. SO2 emission 300 kg/hr or less
•   H 14 (Q)0.3 (Where Emission rate
  of SO2 in kg/hr)
• B. SO2 emission more than 300 kg/hr
• H K(Q)n k and n are constants
  for each zone H physical stack height, m.
• Q Emission rate of SO2 in gm/s H physical
  stack height, m.

effective stack height for unit size of
500/210 MW.
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Control Strategies And Policies Adopted

• Oil Refineries
• Control of SO2 emissions by using high efficiency
  SRU, adequate stack height low sulphur fuels.
  (Mathura refinery emissions restricted to 10.8
  MT/day Total SO2 emission 175 MT/Day from 123
  MMTPA capacity)
• SO2 emission standards being revised NOx VOC
  standards to be introduced
• Leak Detection Repair Programme to reduce
  fugitive emissions

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Control Strategies And Policies Adopted
(Contd..)

• Iron Steel
• Enforcement of emission standards (98
  compliant).
• 63 reduction in PM emissions
• Emissions Standards for fugitive visible
  emissions PAHs in work zone in coke oven plant
  notified
• Promoting clean technologies in coke oven, SMS, BF

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Initiatives Taken to Control Air Pollution From
SSI Sector

• Brick Kiln
• Replacement of movable chimney by fixed chimney.
  (saving of coal by 10)
• Better firing and feeding practices. (saving of
  coal by 10)
• Use of vertical shaft brick kiln (saving of coal
  by 10-16 over BTK)

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Initiatives Taken To Control Air Pollution From
SSI Sector

• Cupola Furnace (Foundry)
• Use of divided cold blast
• Improving metal coke ratio from 51 to 91
  (resulting in saving of 2.5 tonne of coke in 8
  hours operation
• Development of low pressure scrubbing system
• Hot Mix Plant
• Indirect heating of bitumen using thermic fluid
  to replace direct heating
• STONE CRUSHER
• Developing enclosure and water mist spraying
  system to control air pollution
• Siting guidelines for stone crushers

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City Air Quality Action Plan

• Initially 16 cities identified then extended to
  53 cities
• Action Plans submitted by 35 cities
• Action Plans being reviewed by MoEF,CPCB EPCA
• Guidelines issued for preparation of Action Plan
• Inter-agency Task Force to be constituted
• Assessment of ambient air quality trends impact
  of policy intervention
• Emission Inventory Source Apportionment studies
• Road map for control of air pollution from
  vehicles other sources to be incorporated

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City Air Quality Action Plan

• ACTION PLAN FOR KOLKATA
• INDUSTRY
• ESPs to be installed in 06 boilers of Cassipore
  power station
• Stricter PM emission standards for small scale
  industries
• Implementation of CREP recommendations
• VEHICLES
• Augmentation of mass transport system
• Auto-Fuel Policy roadmap for vehicles to be
  followed
• Older polluting vehicles to be phased out
• 2-3 wheelers to be switched over to LPG/CNG
• LPG dispensing network to be expanded

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Air Quality Trends

• SO2 Within standard in most of metro cities and
  showing decreasing trend
• NO2 Exceeding standard in few metros and showing
  increasing trend in some metros
• RSPM Exceeding standard in most metro cities but
  decreasing trends in most metros
• SPM Exceeding standard in most metros but with no
  definite trends
• CO Decreasing trend in Delhi

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SO2 Trends in Metro Cities (Residential Area)
DELHI
MUMBAI
CHENNAI
KOLKATA
HYDERABAD
AHEMADABAD
AHEMADABAD
HYDERABAD
KOLKATA

BANGALORE
KANPUR
PUNE
All values are in ug/m3.
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NO2 Trends In Metro Cities (Residential Area)
DELHI
MUMBAI
CHENNAI
AHEMADABAD
HYDERABAD
KOLKATA
   
BANGALORE
KANPUR
PUNE
All values are in ug/m3.
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RSPM Trends In Metro Cities (Residential Area)
MUMBAI
DELHI
DELHI
CHENNAI
CHENNAI
MUMBAI
AHEMADABAD
KOLKATA
HYDERABAD
KOLKATA
HYDERABAD
AHEMADABAD
BANGALORE
PUNE
PUNE
KANPUR
BANGALORE
KANPUR
All values are in ug/m3.
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Benzene Concentration in Ambient Air of Delhi
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PERCENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES TO
AMBIENT PM2.5
SOURCE ESMAP-2004.
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(No Transcript)
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Chemical Composition of RSPM in Delhi
(Ca, Mg, Sl,
Al, Fe, Na, Ti,
Pb, Zn)
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CONCENTRAION OF PM
, PM
TSPM IN 2003
2.5
10,
DELHI (TRAFFIC INTERSECTION)
Months
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Thrust Areas for Air Pollution Control

• Review of existing air quality standards
  development for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
  for PM2.5.
• Toxic Emissions Standards for Pesticides,
  Refineries, Petrochemicals.
• NOx standards for coal based TPP Oil
  Refineries.
• Source Apportionment Studies in six (6) Cities
  Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore,
  Kanpur.

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Thrust Areas for Air Pollution Control

• Fuel Quality monitoring/surveillance
• Introduction of IM System for in-use vehicles
• Health Impact Studies Cost Benefit Analysis
• On-line (Air Quality Stack Monitoring) Data
  Transmission Networks
• Setting up Regional Calibration Laboratories

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Way Forward

• Health impact studies-greater use in planning
  policy interventions
• Market Based Instruments cost benefit analysis
• HAPs monitoring in industrial areas
• Comprehensive source apportionment studies
• Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies Alternate
  Fuels
• Public Private Partnerships in AQM
• Land Use Planning

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THANK YOU