Bio 1000 Human Biology for NonMajors

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Bio 1000Human Biology for Non-Majors
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Introduction to Biology and Chemistry

• Biology is the study of life

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Characteristics of Life

• Form and size
• Chemical composition
• Metabolism
• Irritability
• Homeostasis Dynamic equilibrium
• Growth and life cycle
• Reproduction

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Human Uniqueness

• Environmental alterations
• Speech
• Tools
• Social organization
• Cultural heritage
• Reasoning abstract thoughts

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Biology as a Science

• Dynamic
• Scientific Method

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The success and credibility of science is based
on the willingness of scientists to follow two
"rules"
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1. Expose new ideas and results to independent
testing and replication by other scientists. 2.
Abandon or modify accepted facts or theories in
the light of more complete or reliable experimenta
l evidence. from Voodoo Science The Road from
Foolishness to Fraud. By Robert L. Park Scientific
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Scientific Method An informal process used by
scientists to gather and analyze data.
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1. Observe some aspect of the universe. 2.
Develop a model that is consistent with what you
have observed. 3. Use the model to make
predictions (hypotheses). 4. Test those
predictions by experiments or further
observations. 5. Modify the theory in the light
of your results. 6. Go to step 3.
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Experiment! An experiment is done to test the
hypothesis, not to prove that it is correct. A
control experiment is done to make sure that
the methods used do not create an effect that
masks what you are looking for.
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Data The facts gathered during the
experiment. These can be numeric data or
observations.
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Conclusion Do the data support the original
hypothesis? If not the hypothesis is rejected. If
so the hypothesis is provisionally
supported. Stays supported unless new data is
found that is inconsistent with the original
hypothesis. A new hypothesis is formulated.
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Theory A collection of many conclusions
and observations combined into a model of how a
particular process works. A theory in science is
not a guess or hypothesis. Einsteins Theory of
Relativity Darwins Theory of Evolution
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Laws and Principles After many years, theories
evolve into Laws or Principles. e.g. Newtons Law
of Gravity.
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Levels of organization

• Chemical/MolecularExamples - water, proteins
• Cellular CytologySmallest living units, example
  - muscle cell
• Tissue HistologyCells combining for a common
  function, example - muscle tissue

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• Organ
• Tissues combining for a common function, heart
• System e.g. Cardiovascular system
• Organism Human Being

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Chemistry

• Atom
• The smallest part of matter that still retains
  its
• chemical and physical properties.
• An element is a substance made of all the
• same atoms.
• There are 92 naturally occurring elements.
• The most common in the human body are ...

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Subatomic Particles

• Neutrons Particles with no electric charge
• Protons - Particles with a positive charge
• Electrons Particles with a negative charge

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Ion Atoms have no overall charge they are
neutral. But we know that they have protons
(positively charged particles) in the
nucleus. Electrons are negative particles which
cancel the protons charge. So in an atom there
are equal numbers of electrons and protons. An
ion is an atom which has lost or gained
an electron.
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Element

• Chemicals containing only one kind of atom

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Compound

• Different elements combined together

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Molecule

• Chemical structure containing more than one atom
• Atoms may be the same or different

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Water
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Water

• 2/3 of our body
• Single most important constituent of the body

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pH scale is a measure of the hydrogen ion content
of a solution it measures how acidic or basic a
solution is
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Acid In an acid there are more H than OH- On a
pH scale any value below 7 is considered acidic
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• Bases have fewer hydrogen ions and more hydroxide
  ions
• Readings on the pH scale for bases are 7-14

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Organic Compounds

• Based on CARBON
• Predominate in the human body

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and starches
• Energy source
• E.g. Glucose is a simple sugar

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Glycogen is stored glucose
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Lipids

• Fats and oils
• Tremendous energy source
• Structure of cell membranes
• Making some hormones

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Proteins

• Body structure
• Fighting disease
• Enzymes
• Made of amino acids

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA
• Makes up genes

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Nucleic Acids

• RNA Follows instructions on the DNA
• ATP Cellular energy

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