Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia

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Mood Disorder and Schizophrenia

• Brenda Servin
• Period 1
• 5 January 2009

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Mood Disorders

• A mood disorders is prolonged and disturbed
• emotional state that affects almost all of a
• persons thought, feelings, and behaviors.

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Kinds of Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Disorder
• A mood disorder marked by at least two weeks of
  continually being in a bad mood, having no
  interest in anything, and getting no pleasure
  from activities. A person must have at least four
  of the following symptoms problems with eating,
  sleeping, thinking, concentrating, or making
  decision, lacking energy, thinking about suicide,
  and feeling worthless or guilty.
• Bipolar I Disorder
• A mood disorder characterized by fluctuations
  between episodes of depression and mania (which
  is an episode that goes on for at least a week),
  during the episodes a person is unusually
  euphoric, cheerful, and high. Also the person has
  at least three of the following symptoms has
  great self-esteem, has little need for sleep,
  speaks rapidly and frequently, has racing
  thoughts, is easily distracted, and pursues
  activities.
• Dysthymic Disorder
• A mood disorder characterized by being
  chronically but not continuously depressed for a
  period of two years. While depressed, a person
  experiences at least two of the following
  symptoms poor appetite, insomnia, fatigue, low
  self-esteem, poor concentration, and feelings of
  hopelessness.

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Causes of Mood Disorders

• Mood disorders are caused by both biological
  factors and psychosocial factors.

• The biological theory of depression emphasizes
  underlying genetic, neurological, or
  psychological factors that may predispose a
  person to developing a mood disorder.

• Psychosocial factors, such as underlying
  personality traits, amount of social support, and
  the ability to deal with stressors, are believed
  to interact with predisposing biological factors
  that combine to put one at risk of developing a
  mood disorder.

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Treatment of Mood Disorders

• In order to treat people with major depression
  and Dysthymic disorder, they are given
  antidepressant drugs, which act by increasing
  levels of a specific group of neurotransmitters
  (monoamines, such as serotonin) that is believed
  to be involved in the regulation of emotion and
  moods.

• Bipolar I disorder is treated with lithium,
  which is a naturally occurring mineral salt and
  the most effective treatment because it reduces
  or prevents manic episodes.
• (picture on the left)

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Electroconvulsive Therapy

• aka ECT, involves placing electrodes on the skull
  and administrating a mild electric current that
  passes through the brain and causes a seizure.
  Usual treatment consists of a series of 10-12 ECT
  sessions, at the rate of about three per week.

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Personality Disorders

• Any psychological disorder characterized by
  inflexible, long-standing, maladaptive traits
  that cause significantly impaired functioning or
  great distress in ones personal and social life.

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Six Common Personality Disorders

• Paranoid personality disorder is a pattern of
  distrust and suspicious and perceiving others as
  having evil motives.
• Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is an
  intense interest in being orderly, achieving
  perfection, and having control.
• Histrionic personality disorder is characterized
  by excessive emotionality and attention seeking.

• Dependent personality disorder refers to a
  pattern of being submissive and clingy because of
  an excessive need to be taken care of.
• Schizotypical personality disorder is
  characterized by an acute discomfort in close
  relationships, distortions in thinking, and
  eccentric behavior.

and Antisocial personality disorder
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Antisocial Personality Disorder

• A pattern of disregarding or violating the
  rights of others without feeling guilt or
  remorse.
• Most killers would probably
• be diagnosed as having this
• disorder and are more commonly
• called psychopaths or sociopaths.

It is found in 3 of the population, mostly in
males.
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Psychopaths

• Causes

• Treatment

• Researcher suggest that the early appearance of
  serious behavioral problems suggest that
  underlying biological factors both genetic and
  neurological, may incline or place a child at
  risk for developing antisocial personality
  disorders.

• Psychotherapy hasnt been proved to be effective
  in treating psychopaths because they are
  guiltless, mistrusting, irresponsible, and
  practiced liars that dont recognize their
  problem and refuse to change.
• Researchers have used several relatively new
  drugs (sertraline, fluoxetine, and Prozac) whose
  primary action to raise levels of serotonin.

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Schizophrenia

• Is a serious mental disorder that lasts for
  at least six months and includes at least two of
  the following symptoms delusions
  hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized
  behavior, and decreased emotional expression.
  These symptoms interfere with personal or social
  functioning.

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Types of Schizophrenia

• subcategories

• Chance of recovery

• Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by
  auditory hallucinations or delusions, such as
  thought of being persecuted by others or thoughts
  of grandeur.
• Disorganized schizophrenia is marked by bizarre
  ideas often about ones body (bones melting),
  confused speech, childish behavior (giggling for
  no apparent reason, making faces at people),
  emotional swings (fits of laughing or crying),
  and often extreme neglect of personal appearance
  and hygiene.
• Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by
  periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid,
  prolonged immobility sometimes the person
  assumes the same frozen posture for ours on end.

• Type I schizophrenia includes having positive
  symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions,
  which are a distortion of normal functions. In
  addition, this group has no intellectual
  impairment, good reaction to medication, and thus
  a good chance of recovery.
• Type II schizophrenia includes having negative
  symptoms, such as dulled emotions and little
  inclination to speak, which are a loss of normal
  functions. In addition, this group has
  intellectual impairment, poor reaction to
  medication, and thus a poor chance of recovery.

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Symptoms

• Motor disorders include making strange facial
  expressions, being extremely active, or doing the
  opposite by remaining immobile for long periods
  of time.
• Emotional (affective) disorders include having
  little or no emotional responsiveness or having
  emotional responses that are inappropriate to the
  situation.

• Disorders of thought are characterized by
  confused thought patterns, neologism (the
  formation of new words), inability to stick to
  one topic, and irrational beliefs or delusions.
• Disorders of attention include difficulties in
  concentration and in focusing on a single chain
  of events.
• Disorders of perception include strange bodily
  sensations and hallucinations (sensory
  experiences without any stimulation from the
  environment).

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More On Symptoms

• Positive symptoms

• Negative symptoms

• reflect a distortion of normal functions
• distorted thinking results in delusions
• distorted perceptions result in hallucinations
• distorted language results in disorganized speech

• reflect a decrease in or loss of normal functions
  
• decreased range and intensity of emotions
• decreased ability to express thoughts
• decreased initiative to engage in goal-directed
  behavior

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Neurological Causes

• Decreased prefrontal lobe activity is consistent
  with the deficits in many executive functions in
  schizophrenics, such as disorganized thinking,
  irrational beliefs, and lack of concentration.

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More On Causes

• Environmental

• Biological

• Researcher believe that the death of a parent or
  loved one, having hostile parent, poor social
  relations, and career or personal problems.
• The diathesis stress theory of schizophrenia says
  that some people have a genetic predisposition (a
  diathesis) that interacts with life stressors to
  result in the onset and development of
  schizophrenia.

• A genetic marker refers to an identifiable gene
  or number of genes or a segment of a chromosome
  that is directly linked to some behavioral,
  physiological, or neurological trait or disease.

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Treatment

• Typical Neuroleptics

• Atypical Neuroleptics

• mainly reduce levels of the neurotransmitter
  dopamine
• two examples of more common neuroleptics are
  phenothiazines (Thorazine) and butrophenones
  (haloperidol)
• primarily reduce positive symptoms and have
  little effect on negative symptoms

• have lower levels of dopamine
• mainly reduce levels of other neurotransmitters,
  especially serotonin.
• One group of atypical neuroleptics is the
  benzamides (such as clozapine).
• primarily reduce positive symptoms and may also
  improve negative symptoms.

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Evaluation of Neuroleptic Drugs

• One group of typical neuroleptics called the
  phenothiazines can produce unwanted motor
  movements (a side effect called tardive
  dyskinesia).
• Tardive dyskinesia involves the appearance of
  slow,
• involuntary, and uncontrollable
• rhythmic movements and rapid
• twitching of the mouth and lips,
• as well as unusual movements
• of the limbs.