Mood Disorders and Suicide

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Mood Disorders and Suicide

• Abnormal PsychologyChapter 7

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Mood Disorders

• Understanding depression as opposed to the
  experience of sadness
• Intensity and duration
• Effects on functioning

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Mood Disorders

• Unipolar Mood Disorders
• Major Depression
• Dysthymia
• Mania
• Bipolar Disorder

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Major Depression

• Cognitive symptoms
• Physical symptoms- psychomotor retardation sleep
  changes, appetite changes
• Loss of interest/inability to experience pleasure

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Mania

• Elation, euphoria, hyperactivity, agitation
• Grandiosity
• Rapid speech, incoherence flight of ideas
• Risky behavior
• Hypomanic episode- less severe/risky than mania

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Major Depression

• Initial diagnosis- single episode
• Rare typically recurs- 85 later experience a
  second episode
• Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent
• Median- four episodes over the lifespan
• Each episode- average of 4-5 months

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Dysthymic Disorder

• Depressive symptoms more mild than Major
  Depression
• 2 years or longer, without being symptom free for
  longer than 2 months

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Double Depression

• Major Depressive episodes occurring with
  Dysthymic Disorder
• High rate of relapse/recurrence

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Onset of Major Depression

• Increased risk during adolescence
• Trend Depression is occurring at earlier ages,
  worldwide

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Understanding Grief

• Following the loss of a loved one, symptoms of
  depression are common
• Concerning symptoms
• Prolonged depression
• Psychotic features
• Suicidal ideation

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Bipolar Disorder

• Manic episodes alternate with Major Depressive
  episodes
• Bipolar I entails full manic episodes
• Bipolar II entails hypomanic episodes (less
  severe)

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Bipolar Disorder

• Average age of onset for Bipolar I- 18 years
• Average age of onset for Bipolar II 19-22
• Can begin in childhood
• Relatively rare to develop after 40

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Specifiers Additional Defining Criteria

• Catatonic features
• Psychotic features
• Postpartum onset
• Seasonal patterns (SAD)
• Rapid cycling (noted in 20-40 cases of bipolar
  disorder)

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Mood Disorders in Children and Adolescents

• Manic states may be classified by more
  irritability/agitation vs. adults
• Children, particularly boys depression may be
  accompanied by aggression and conduct problems

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Major Depression in Elderly Populations

• Increase in physical problems accompanied by a
  reduction in social support
• Suicide rates are highest in elderly groups

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Mood DisordersCauses

• Biological twin/family studies- strongly
  heritable
• Neurotransmitters lower levels of serotonin,
  other neurotransmitters vary more widely as a
  result
• Psychological diathesis-stress model trauma
• Social marital relationships, work difficulties,
  social support

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Learned Helplessness

• Depressive Attribution Style
• Internal attributes negative events to personal
  shortcomings
• Stable other bad things will still be my fault
• Global negativity across a range of issues

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Mood Disorders Treatment

• Antidepressants Tricyclic, MAO
  inhibitors,Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors
• Research anti-depressants and suicide
• Lithium treatment of Bipolar Disorder
• Toxicity
• 50 of individuals with Bipolar Disorder respond
  well

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ECT

• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Controversial approach- used much less frequently

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Psychological Treatment

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Combined Approaches
• Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
• Regulation of sleep cycles and daily routines,
  nutritional regimens
• Treating the family
• Family involvement lessens the relapse rate