Solar Energy and Lighting

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Solar Energy and Lighting

• Kevin OFarrell,
• Solar Energy Society of Ireland
• School of Electrical Engineering DIT
• Dublin Energy Lab

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Outline

• The Irish electrical energy generation capacity
• The installed Irish photovoltaic capacity
• The European photovoltaic capacity, and
• The world photovoltaic production capacity
• Hence, the inhibitors to the use of photovoltaic
  micro-generators are identified

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Outline

• The use of daytime artificial lighting, in the
  DIT Kevin St.
• The daytime lighting load
• The sites Building Integrated PV Generation
  potential
• Hence, the potential load displacement from using
  photovoltaic micro-generators is established

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Irish Electrical Energy Generation Capacity
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Irish Electrical Energy Generation Capacity

• Total installed capacity in 2003
• 4643 MW
• Renewable 692 MW
• Non-renewable 3951 MW
• GHG 3951 MW
• Non-GHG 692 MW

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Irish Electrical Energy Generation Capacity

• Non-renewable GHG Coal, Oil, Gas, Peat
• Renewable GHG recycling Biomass, Biofuel
  liquids
• Renewable Non-GHG Hydro, Wind, PhotoVoltaic,
  Solar-thermal, Wave, Tidal, Fuel cell, Nuclear.

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Photovoltaic Capacity
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Consider initial assumptions in relation to pv
generation

• Urban or rural,
• Size of a country (area population)
• Latitude
• 35-450 north 45-550 north 55-650 north
• A countries existing capacity as a guide to
  future growth,
• Relationship between pv solar thermal capacity.

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Irish Photovoltaic Capacity
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Installed Irish Photovoltaic Capacity

• Motorway phones, parking meters, Irish Lights,
• Road work traffic lights, garden lights.
• A small number of experimental sites.

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The EU Barameter data (EurObsevER, 2005)
supports the impression that there is no
significant installed PV capacity in Ireland.
Significant is used here as more than one MWp
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European Photovoltaic Capacity
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In EU terms the pv-solar sectors expansion has
been remarkable 43.4 in 2003
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Consider the EU data for 2003
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Inhibitors to the Use of Photovoltaic
Micro-generators.
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Urban or rural Impact of population density
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Urban or rural Impact of population density
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Size of a country Impact of area, and population
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Impact of latitude, and average temperature
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Existing capacity as a guide to future growth
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Impact of existing renewable capacity on growth
in pv capacity
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Impact of grid connection option on growth in pv
capacity
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Impact of grid connection option on growth in pv
capacity
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Impact of grid connection option on growth in pv
capacity

• A trend that has become more pronounced the
  share of photovoltaic systems that are connected
  to the power grid continues to grow, and
  represented 95 of newly installed capacities in
  2003, it was 92.3 in 2002.

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Relationship between pv and thermal solar
capacity
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Relationship between pv and thermal solar capacity
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Relationship between pv and thermal solar capacity
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Relationship between pv and thermal solar capacity
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Relationship between pv and thermal solar capacity
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Relationship between pv and thermal solar capacity
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Primary factor is the availability of a grid
connection option.
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This implies development of urban
applications.It should be noted that in most
cases a grant was available only if the PV was
grid connected.
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Ireland is a potential location from the
perspective of latitude, population density, and
existing PV capacity.
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World Photovoltaic Production Capacity.
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World Photovoltaic Production Capacity.

• In 2002 the total world PhotoVoltaic module
  production was
• 562 MWp

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Irish Electrical Energy Generation Capacity

• Total installed capacity in 2003
• 4643 MW
• Renewable 692 MW
• Non-renewable 3951 MW
• GHG 3951 MW
• Non-GHG 692 MW

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PV Capacity
Solar power as a major part of Irelands
electrical energy supply is some time away.
The effort to achieve it is gaining momentum.
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The Daytime Artificial Lighting Load of DIT
Kevin St.
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Table 3.1.2.1. Calculation of lighting load
during skylight hours in November 2004.
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The Daytime Artificial Lighting Load of DIT
Kevin St.

• Lighting accounts for approximately 40
• of the electrical load in
• DITs Kevin Street campus.

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The Daytime Artificial Lighting Load of DIT
Kevin St.

• At least half of this load occurs during daylight
  hours.

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Daytime lighting
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Daytime lighting
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Daytime lighting
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Why do we not turn-off lights? Why do we
over-ride automatic systems?
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Does colour perception impact on our behaviour?
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Variation in natural light due to cloud
cover.normalised at 530 nm.
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The spectrum characteristic of a typical glass
sheet window Wyszecki, 2000.
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Ideal LED spectrums.
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Colour Balancing
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Spectrum Incandescent lamp

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Spectrum Fluorescent lamp
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Spectrum Mercury vapour lamp
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Spectrum Metal Halide lamp
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Spectrum High pressure sodium
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Spectrumlow pressure sodium
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DIT Engineering Student wins International
Award Joseph Brennan, won first place in the
prestigious international competition The Society
of Light and Lighting Young Lighter of the Year
2007 in London recently. Mr. Mark Burrows,
Jnr., Vice President of the Institute of Lighting
Engineers presented Joseph with his award. The
presentation took place at the Architectural,
Retail and Commercial Lighting show in the
Business Design Centre, London. 
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The title of his paper was Effects of Light on
Humans. Joseph explored the way humans react to
both natural light and artificial light. With
reference to recently published research, his
paper went on to identify how an artificially
illuminated work space can have an adverse effect
on human health/productivity and how the use of
modern technology can address the problem.
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Design for Colour Control

• I have started to research this issue.
• Basic aim is to divide a lamp into three coloured
  lamps and only turn on most needed lamp.
  Resulting in energy saving, and a content user.
• First technicial control.
• Then psychology issues.

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First we should turn-off lighting,Then make
better use of natural lighting,Then supply load
with electrical generation.
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Building Integrated PV Generation Potential of
DIT Kevin St.
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Table 5.2.2.3 Estimated maximum area of PV units
on main L-shaped building in DIT Kevin Street.
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Table 1.1.2. Selected characteristics of Dublin
Institute of Technologys Kevin street campus.
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Table 3.1.2.1. Calculation of lighting load
during skylight hours in November 2004.
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Output of 30kW to 149kW for load of 357kW with
lighting of 113kW
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Daytime lighting is capable of immediately
absorbing almost all of the output from a
substantial photovoltaic micro-generator
installation.
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Cost breakdown for Solar Home Systems (Njaimi et
al 1992) (a) year of installation (b)
cumulative costs after 20 years of lifetime of
system components (BOS), that is, battery
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Experimental results for this building PV on
roof.
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Solar energy in Dublin during July 2006.
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Solar energy in Dublin during July 2006
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The diurnal characteristic of a photovoltaic
module is erratic, with an underlying concave
triangular characterisation.
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Power level is greater than 800 w/m2 for only
7 of an average day. The temptation is to
discard output of over 800 w/m2.
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Energy availability forms an almost rectangular
shape.
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Power level of greater than 800 w/m2 represents
42.7 of the available energy. This cannot be
discard.
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Lamps and erratic supplies
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Experimental results for this building PV
supplied lamps.
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Approximately linear, above 11.9v. Ignition
voltage 11.5v. Maximum 13v.
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Approximately linear. No lower limit. Can
survive short term peaks.
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Approximately linear. No lower limit. Can
survive short term peaks.
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Approximately linear, above 5v. Ignition voltage
5v. Maximum limited by electronic components.
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Barriers to micro-generation.
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Barriers to micro-generation.

• Grid connection issues.
• Cost Policy issues. Tax and grants. Kick start
  market. RD options.
• Cost Need to move from one-off imports to mass
  import to reduce wholesale and retail price.

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Cost of one-off imports

• A 75 Wp module cost us 405 plus vat in March
  2005.
• Prices tend to move downwards as production
  increases.

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Barriers to micro-generation.

• PR to public and professionals.
• Training of Design and installation staff.
• Technical R D.

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Future
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Future One barrier reduced

• ESB Grid produced a new micro-generator
  connection guide in May 2006.
• Start of a sensible conversation between Grid and
  
• Micro-generation.

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There is Potential Load Displacement With the Use
ofPhotovoltaic and other Micro-generators.
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Most of this potential could be for immediate use
applications.
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Future cost

• It is rising on the political radar.
• Nothing but talk on Tax.
• Recent grant scheme (not for PV) received an
  over-demand.
• Grants is part of Kick starting market.

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Research Development

• Nationally RD is limited but it is expanding.

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Solar Energy Society of Ireland.

• Forum for academics and industry.
• Reporting Technical R D.
• PR to policy, public and professionals.
• Guide to obtaining training of design and
  installation staff.
• Contact point.
• SESIreland_at_gmail.com

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• Dublin Institute of Technology
• Strong relationship with professional bodies such
  as IET
• Broad range of research projects.
• The School of Electrical Engineering plays a
  major role in this research effort.

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Dublin Energy Lab.

• DEL is a leader in science and engineering energy
  research in Ireland. It conducts research across
  a range of disciplines with key efforts in the
  three themes of solar energy, building science,
  and energy informatics.
• www.focas.dit.ie/dublinenergylab.htm

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Conclusion
Solar powered daytime lighting is some time away,
but the effort to achieve it is gaining momentum.
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Appendix
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Photovoltaic micro-generators operate within one
of three relationships to the grid

• off-grid,
• simultaneous operating from both photovoltaic and
  grid and
• operating from either photovoltaic or grid but
  not both.

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Variation in ratio, of daylight radiant power,
for a set of three wavelengths with a change in
cloud cover
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A Simple Stand-Alone System

• It can supply DC and AC loads and must contain
  the components shown below
• (Goswami Kreith et al 2000)

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Building Integrated Photovoltaics

• Skylighting
• Building façade
• Shading device
• Design features

Figure 3 Photos showing examples of BIPV
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Visible light
 
 
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Table 1.1.2. Selected characteristics of Dublin
Institute of Technologys Kevin street campus.
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A selection of phosphors that are used in the
coating of fluorescent lamps. Wyszecki, 2000
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Spectrum
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Spectrum
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Scope mode of the reference spectra using a
Tungsten light source.
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Scope mode of reference spectra using a UV
Deuterium light source.