Progressivism and War

1
Progressivism and War
2
Woodrow Wilson

• Background
• PhD in Political Science
• Professor at Princeton, later president
• Governor of New Jersey, 1910 -1912 nominated
  for president to remove him from NJ

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1912 Election

• Candidates
• Taft Wilson TR
  Debs
• Main issue progressive reforms and dollar
  diplomacy

4
1912 Election

• TR and the Progressive Party
• TR wants to run again, denied by Republicans
  forms 3rd party
• Nicknamed the Bull Moose Party
• Platform called the New Nationalism
• Called for further reforms than when president
  and involvement in world affairs

5
1912 Election

• Events
• TR shot during campaign, continued anyway
• Vote divided between four candidates, Wilson
  wins Electoral College

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The Wilson Administration

• The Triple Wall of Privilege
• the tariff pledged to lower it, eventually
  lowered through the Underwood Tariff also
  enacted the income tax (16th Amendment)

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The Wilson Administration

• The Triple Wall of Privilege
• the banks after death of Morgan in 1913, the
  Federal Reserve was created regulated supply
  and interest rates

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The Wilson Administration

• The Triple Wall of Privilege
• the trusts similar opinion as Taft, saw trusts
  as bad for the economy created the Federal Trade
  Commission which regulates business
• Also limits on child labor

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The Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Also passed Clayton Anti-Trust Act which
  strengthened the govt. in dealing with trusts
• Also allowed for unions to be recognized and to
  bargain collectively for first time called by
  Gompers as the Magna Carta of Labor

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Limits of Progressivism

• Race relations left out of reforms black
  Americans see little progress during the era
• Why?

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Wilsons Foreign Policy

• Campaigned against Dollar Diplomacy called for
  moral diplomacy pulled troops out of Haiti and
  Dominican Republic

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Problems With Mexico

• Mexican Revolution 1910 1919
• MX controlled by dictator Porfirio Diaz, revolt
  led by Emilio Zapata and Francisco Madero
• Revolt succeeds and Madero new pres. of MX

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Problems With Mexico

• Madero overthrown and executed by Valeriano
  Huerta in 1913
• Wilson refuses to recognize new leader of MX,
  begins to secretly support rival Venustiano
  Carranza
• Huerta began to threaten American assets and
  people

Huerta
Carranza
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US in Mexico
US in Mexico

• Wilson vs. Huerta Huerta supported by business
  interests but not by US government
• Sent navy to patrol Mexican coast to protect US
  citizens
• April, 1914 nine sailors captured entering
  restricted zone in Tampico, MX

• Wilson sends bombs Vera Cruz in May, starting
  anti-American riots
• Huerta threatens American interests in MX

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US in Mexico

• War with Mexico close both armies prepare

• US navy blockades Mexican ports
• Latin American countries move to intercede
  between US and MX

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The ABC Powers

• The ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, and Chile)
  mediate between US and MX in Niagara Falls, NY
  (July, 1914)
• During conference, Huerta
• overthrown by Carranza
• Assisted by Pancho Villa

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Francisco Pancho Villa

• Carranzas military leader, armed and equipped by
  US Army to fight Huerta
• Former bandit leader

Villa with American general John Black Jack
Pershing
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US vs. Villa

• Wilson promises support, recognition if Carranza
  removes Villa from command
• Villa vows revenge, begins raids on American
  holdings in Mexico
• Raids Columbus, NM
• Kills 18 Americans
• (July, 1916)

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US vs. Villa

• Wilson sends Pershing into MX to capture Villa,
  despite MX protests
• Villa evades US for over a year
• Pershing returns to US to lead US Army in WW I
• Villa never captured rumors?

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Causes of World War I Alliance System in Europe

• Italy changes sides, replaced by Ottoman Empire
  (Turkey)

• Triple Alliance
• Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary

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Causes of World War I Alliance System in Europe

• Triple Entente
• Britain, France, and Russia

• Called the Allies, joined by US eventually
• Both alliances had secret agreements to go to
  each others defense if attacked
• Neither side knew how strong the alliances were
  for the other side

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Causes of World War One Kaiser Wilhelm II of
Germany

• Aggressive, vain, nationalist
• Sought Germanys place in the
• sun by expanding empire
• Conflicts with Britain

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Causes of World War One Expanding Empires

• Germany and Britain global competition

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Causes of World War One the British-German Arms
Race

• Britain and Germany created huge navies of
  advanced ships (the dreadnoughts)
• Germany, Russia, and France increased size of
  armies

British dreadnought
German dreadnought
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Causes of World War One a Weakening
Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Made up of numerous nationalities and language
  groups many wanted self-rule (autonomy)
• Most aggressive nation
• Serbia wanted to self-govern
• Home to terrorist groups

The Black Hand
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June 28th, 1914

• Archduke Ferdinand, heir to A-H throne,
  assassinated by Serbian terrorist Gavrilo
  Princip, for Serbian independence

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The Beginning of WW I

• Because of the alliance system
• A-H declares war on Serbia
• Russia declares on A-H
• Germany declares war on Russia
• France and Britain declare war on Germany
• Off we go!

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America and WW I 1914

• Wilson declares US neutral
• Most Americans opposed
  entry
• American businesses sold to both Allies and
  Central Powers
• Some Americans supported Germany

Irish-American troops for the Central Powers
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US to Drifts Into War

• Reasons America began to support the Allies
• 1914 invasion of Belgium by CP treated harshly
  by Germans
• Americans respond with Belgian Relief Fund led
  by Herbert Hoover

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US to Drifts Into War

• British propaganda affects Americans view of
  Germans and the war
• New use of newsreels/movies

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The Lusitania

• British passenger ship, carrying Americans and
  weapons and ammunition
• Germans give warning in NY papers U-boats sink
  ship off the coast of Ireland, killing 127
  Americans

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Wilson threatens war Germans apologize,
promises not sink ships without warning (the
Sussex Pledge)
Sinking of ships continues
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1916 Election

• Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughes
• Main issue US in the war or not

He Kept Us Out of War